GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION OF GIS
2. NEED FOR GIS
3. COMPONENTS OF GIS
4. ELECTRICAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM
5. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
6. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
7. GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER
8. INTERCONNECTING TRANSFORMER
9. DISCONNECTOR AND EARTHING SWITCHES
10.UI SENSOR FOR CURRENT AND VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
11.SURGE ARRESTER-CVT-WAVE TRAP
12.ADVANTAGES OF GIS
13.DISADVANTAGES WITH AIR INSULATED SUBSTATIONS
14.ADVANCEMENT IN GIS TECHNOLOGY
15.CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION OF GIS

Gas Insulated Substations are high voltage Substations that are

compact, requiring little
maintenance when compared to air-insulated conventional
Substations.
Compressed Gas Insulated Substations (CGIS) consist basically a
conductor supported on insulators inside an
enclosure which is filled with sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6).
The compactness is with the use of SF6 gas, which has high
dielectric strength.
The space between the conductor and the enclosure is filled with
sulfur hexafluoride gas under moderate pressure.
Continued.

GIS was first developed in various

countries between 1968 and 1972. After
about 5 years of experience, the use rate
increased to about 20% of new
substations in countries where space is
limited. In other countries with space
easily available, the higher cost of GIS
relative to AIS has limited use to special
cases.
For example, in the U.S., only about 2%
of new substations are GIS. International
experience with GIS is described in a
series of CIGRE papers (CIGRE, 1992;
1994; 1982).
 NEED FOR GIS

1. Non availability of sufficient space. It is very much required to

establish a substation at load center.Total space required for a GIS is
10% of that needed for a conventional substation.
2. Difficult climatic and seismic conditions at site, like high altitude
and atmospheric pollution
3. Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) can be used for longer times
without any periodical inspections.
4. The higher the voltage, the more favorable gas insulated technology
becomes. The footprint of 765kV conventional substation is
enormous, and GIS technology allows a significant size reduction.
GIS technology can be used for installations in areas where the cost
of real estate is appreciable.
 COMPONENTS OF GIS

1. Circuit Breakers
2. Operating mechanism of circuit breaker
3. Current transformers
4. Disconnector
5. Maintenance Earthing switches
6. Fast acting Earthing switches
7. Voltage transformers
8. SF6 Bushing
9. Gas supply and gas monitoring equipment
10. Bus Bar
11. Voltage Transformer
12. Gas supply and Monitoring equipment
Continued
Continued..
ELECTRICAL CONNECTION
DIAGRAM
 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Sulfur hexafluoride is an inert, nontoxic, colorless, odorless,

tasteless, and nonflammable gas consisting of a sulfur atom
surrounded by and tightly bonded to six fluorine atoms.
It is about five times as dense as air. SF6 is used in GIS at pressures
from 400 to 600 kPa absolute. The pressure is chosen so that the
SF6 will not condense into a liquid at the lowest temperatures the
equipment experiences.
SF6 decomposes in the high temperature of an electric arc, but the
decomposed gas recombines back into SF6 so well that it is not
necessary to replenish the SF6 in GIS. Lifetime Very long (800 to
3200 years).
Continued..

Even if some reactive decomposition byproducts formed because of

the trace presence of moisture, air, and other contaminants, the
quantities formed are very small. Molecular sieve absorbents inside
the GIS enclosure eliminate these reactive byproducts.
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Current transformers are used in electrical grids for measurement and

protective applications to provide signals to equipment such as meters
and protective relays by stepping down the current of that system to
measurable values.
In the single phase enclosed Core of CT is located outside the
enclosure & inside for three phase gas compartment to reduce access of
moisture and to suppress gas-tight bushings for secondary connections.
CT current rating is 120% of rated primary current
Number of cores is decided based on metering and protection
requirement .
Continued.

The primary and secondary windings are independently sealed

resulting in a totally weather
resistant design.
Oil or gas is not required for insulation.
Therefore, our environmentally friendly Current Transformers
completely eliminate the risk of explosion and toxic leaks.
2 to 3 times lighter than conventional oil or gas based products .
Totally maintenance free - exceptional low cost of ownership .
 GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER

Since gas insulated transformer does not need the conservator, the
height of transformer room can be reduced. In addition, its non-
flammability and non tank explosion characteristics can remove the
fire fighting equipment from transformer room .
As a result, gas insulated transformer, gas insulated shunt reactor
and GIS control panels can be installed in the same room.
Advantages
Easy inspection and maintenance work: Only SF6 gas pressure shall
be basically monitored during periodically inspection.
Environmentally Friendly: The use of SF6 gas abolishes the risk of
oil leakage.
 Continued..

Non-flammability: Gas insulated

transformers, using incombustible
SF6 gas as a insulation and cooling
medium .
Tank-explosion Prevention: Pressure
tank enables to withstand the pressure
rise in case of internal fault.
Compactness: By directly coupling
with gas-insulated switchgear,
substation space can be minimized as
the result of compact facilities.
Easy installation: Oil or liquid
purifying process is not necessary in
case of gas insulated transformer.
 INTER CONNECTING
TRANSFORMER[ICT]
An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one
winding.
The winding has at least three electrical connection points called
taps. The voltage source and the load are each connected to two
taps.
One tap at the end of the winding is a common connection to both
circuits (source and load). Each tap corresponds to a different source
or load voltage.
An autotransformer for power applications is typically lighter and
less costly than a two-winding transformer, up to a voltage ratio of
about 3:1 beyond that range a two-winding transformer is usually
more economical.
 DISCONNECTOR AND EARTHING
SWITCHES
Disconnectors and earthing switches are used to protect
personnel while working on operational equipment and must
therefore be very reliable and operationally safe even under
adverse climatic conditions.
Disconnectors and earthing switches are often offered as a
combination of both.
Disconnectors have to isolate downstream operational
equipment - i.e., de-energised equipment - from the connected
circuits. Thus they establish a visible isolating distance in air
towards downstream operational equipment.
The task of an earthing switch is to earth de-energised parts of
the switchgear and - in the case of multi-pole earthing switches -
to short-circuit them at the same time.
Continued.

Opening or closing circuits when either negligibly small currents

have to be switched off/on or when there is no significant voltage
difference between the circuits to be disconnected or connected.
Establishing an isolating distance between the terminals of each
pole in the open position.
Continued.

The short-circuit capability of closed disconnectors and earthing switches

is tested according to VDE .
Operating mechanisms
Motor operating mechanism
The motor operating mechanism - provided for disconnectors and earthing
switches type 3D - mainly consists of a DC compound-wound motor,
degree of protection IP00, which drives the eccentric shaft of a free-
wheeling mechanism via a single-step spur gearing
Manual operating mechanisms
Operation by means of a switching rod depends on the mounting
position and the accessibility. Switching rods are made of glass-fibre
reinforced polyester tube and can be used in switchgear with rated
voltages above 1 KV.
 UI SENSOR FOR CURRENT &
VOLTAGE MEASURMENT
Current Measurement - Current Sensor instead of Current
Transformer.
The current sensor is based on a Rogowski coil (a coreless
inductive current transformer).
Voltage Measurement - Voltage Sensor instead of Voltage
Transformer .
The voltage sensor is based on a capacitive electrical field sensor
(Capacitive ring sensor).
The capacitive ring, which acts as a voltage sensor, also has a
linear characteristic and is very simple in terms of the insulation .
 SURGE ARRESTER-CVT-WAVE TRAP

Lightning Arresters or Surge Arresters

are always connected in Shunt to the
equipment to be protected, they
provide a low impedance path for the
surge current to the ground
Wave trap traps Hi-frequency
communication signals sent on the
line from the remote substation and
diverting them to the telecom/tele
protection panel in the substation
control room .
 ADVANTAGES OF GIS

Special Features:- Enhanced insulating properties and reduced long-

term operational costs by means of sealed metal enclosure filled
with SF6 gas.
Reliability:-Extensive experience in designing optimum phase and
feeder spacing dimensions according to site conditions enable
compact dimensions that reduce space requirements upto 20% .
Compact Design:-Ensured personnel safety by earthed
enclosure, numerous interlocks and lockout devices.
Maintenance:-Virtual elimination of long-term maintenance costs
and contamination of critical components by means of SF6 gas-
filled metal enclosures, automatic monitoring of operating
mechanisms and SF6 gas system.
Continued

Efficient Installation:-Assembly at factory and shipment in one

complete bay dramatically reduces installation time and customer's costs.
Environmental:-Minimized operation noise levels allow installation in
urban and sub-urban indoor substations. Elimination of radio
interference problems and individual painting of enclosures with the color
of customer choice.
Space Saving:- SF6 switchgear installations take up only 10% of the
space required for the conventional installations.
Economical: - Initial high investment is required for installation but the
cost can be comparable for the less maintenance, reliable, safe operation
against conventional substation.
Compatibility:- It is incombustible, non toxic, colourless and chemically
inert .
 DISADVANTAGES WITH AIR
INSULATED SUBSTATIONS
It requires huge amount of area .
Maintenance cost is more.
Normally this type of substations are indoor type and requires
separate building with every component of substation is exposed to
air and pollution .
Maintaining Cleanliness is very important. Dust or moisture inside
the compartment causes the flash overs so frequent flashovers and
breakdown occurs.
When fault occurs internally, the outage period will be very long.
The damage effect will also be severe.
Installation time is also more.
Comparison of AIS & GIS

.
 ADVANCEMENT IN GIS
TECHNOLOGY
Combined Disconnector / Earthing Switch
The DSES incorporates the two functions of a disconnector and a
maintenance earthing switch as a result saving the space in GIS.
This is achieved by a sliding contact characterized by three defined
positions:
1. disconnector open / earthing switch closed
2. disconnector closed / earthing switch open
3. disconnector open / earthing switch open
The use of one moving contact for the disconnector and the
earthing switch inhibits simultaneous closed position of both
switches.
 CONCLUSION

Gas insulated Substations have found a broad range applications in

power systems over the last three decades because of their high
reliability Easy maintenance, small ground space requirements
etc.,.
In our country also few GIS units have been in operation and a
large number of units are under various stages of installation.
GIS are necessary for EHV & UHV and some important areas to be
studied include more conservative designs better particle control &
improved gas handling & decomposition product management
techniques Achieving & maintaining high levels of availability
requires a more integrated approach to quality control by both users
and manufactures
 REFERENCES

GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION by P.S NAIDU ,

I K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd (8 September 2008).
http://electrical4u.com/gis-or-gas-insulated-switchgear
http://electrical4u.com/sulfur-hexafluoride-sf6-gas-properties/
www.alstom.com
/.../GIS%20Global%20Offer/F35%2072.5%20-%20145..
http://
betaengineering.com/enus/areasofexpertise/gasinsulatedsubstatio
ns.aspx
Continued

IEEE References
Bolin, P.; Koch, H., "Gas insulated substation GIS," Power
Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006. IEEE , vol., no., pp.3
pp.,, 0-0 0 doi: 10.1109/PES.2006.1709113 , http
://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&
arnumber=1709113&is number=36065
Meinecke, H., "High voltage gas insulated switchgear: an
overview," GIS (Gas-Insulated Switchgear) at Transmission and
Distribution Voltages, IEE Colloquium on (Digest No.1995/203) ,
vol., no., pp.3/1,3/8, 14 Nov 1995
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&
arnumber=494815&isnumber=10737
Thanking You