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SOIL COMPACTION
Definition:
Load
soil (2)> soil (1)
Air
Air
Water Water
Soil
Matrix Compressed
soil
Solids Solids
WT1
soil (1)= soil (2)=
WT1
VT1 VT2
Why Soil Compaction:
1- Increase Soil Strength
2- Reduce Soil Settlement
3- Reduce Soil Permeability
4- Reduce Frost Damage
5- Reduce Erosion Damage
Hammer 4.5 kg
Hammer 2.5 kg
2.5 kg 4.5 kg
457.2 mm
304.8 mm
Video
Analysis from Soil Compaction test in the Lab:
1. From the test, the density or the unit weight can be determined;
WT Gs w MT Gs w
bulk or bulk
VT 1 e VT 1 e
2. The moisture content for each test is determined in the laboratory. So:
b b
dry dry
1 w or 1 w
3. Then the graph of dry unit weight or dry density versus moisture
content can be plotted.
Gsw G s w
Soil Compaction in the Lab: ZAV ZAV =
1+ Wc Gs
1e Sr
1- Standard Proctor Test
Dry Density
Zero Air Void Curve
Sr =100%
2.5 kg hammer
d max
3
H = 304.8 mm
4
2
5
1
25 blows
per layer
Compaction
wc1 wc2 wc3 wc4 wc5 Dry to Wet to
Optimum Optimum
Curve
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 (OWC) Water
Content
Optimum
Increasing Water Content Water
Content
wet
4 inch diameter compaction mold.
(V = 1/30 of a cubic foot)
dry =
1+ Wc%
100
Soil Compaction in the Lab:
Zero Air Void Curve
Sr = 60%
Dry Density
1- Standard Proctor Test Zero Air Void Curve
Sr =100%
ASTM D-698 or AASHTO T-99
d max
Energy 600 kNm/m3
Zero Air Void Curve
d max
Sr < 100%
Compaction
Curve for
2- Modified Proctor Test Modified
Proctor
ASTM D-1557 or AASHTO T-180
(OMC) Moisture
(OMC)
Content
Number of blows per layer x Number of layers x Weight of hammer x Height of drop hammer
Energy =
Volume of mold
1- particle size distribution
2- shape of the soil grain
1- Energy applied on the soil
3- Specific gravity of soil solids
4- Amount & type of clay minerals
Effect of Energy on Soil Compaction
Higher
Dry Density
Energy
In the field
increasing compaction energy
ZA
= increasing number of
V
passes or reducing lift depth
In the lab
increasing compaction energy
= increasing number of blows
Water Content
Field Soil Compaction
Because of the differences between lab and field compaction methods, the
maximum dry density in the field may reach 90% to 95%.
Dry Density
ZAV
d max
d max
Moisture
(OMC)
Content
Example:
The laboratory test for a standard proctor is shown below. Determine the optimum water content and
maximum dry density. If the Gs of the soil is 2.70, draw the ZAV curve.
Solution:
Volume of Weight of wet Water Volume of Weight of wet Wet Unit Water Dry Unit
Proctor Mold soil in the Content (%) Mold soil in the Weight Content Weight
(cm3) mold (kg) (cm3) mold (kN) (kN/m3) (%) (kN/m3)
wet
dry =
1+ Wc %
100
G s w
ZAV =
1+ Wc Gs
Sr
Soil Compaction in the Field:
1- Rammers
2- Vibratory Plates
6- Dynamic Compaction
3- Smooth Rollers
4- Rubber-Tire
Roller Compactors COMPACTION
17
COMPACTION
Roller Compactors
18
COMPACTION
Roller Compactors
19
COMPACTION
Tampers, Rammers and Plate Compactors
20
COMPACTION
1) Type of compactor
2) Soil type
3) Moisture content
4) Lift thickness
5) Towing speed of the compactor
6) Number of roller passes
21
COMPACTION
d ( field )
Relative compaction, RC =
d (max)
22
Checking Soil Density in the Field: