FLOWMETER

Household WATER FLOWMETER

VOLUMETRIC FLOWMETERS TYPES
Difference Pressure
Turbine
Vortex / Swirl
Magnetic
Target
Ultrasonic
Displacement
 DIFFERENT PRESSURE METER
(Head Meter)
Venturimeter, Orificemeter, Rotameter, Pitot tube

Base on
BERNOULLI EQUATION
VENTURI FLOWMETER
 VENTURI FLOWMETER
Reading diffrent pressure by pressure
gauge
GLASS VENTURI TUBE

PRESSURE PROFILE along Venturi tube

D d Flow
BERNOULLI EQUATION

P V2 dWother
( gz ) F
2 dm

HEAD FORM OF BERNOULLI EQUATION

P V2 dWother F
( z )
g 2g gdm g
 PRINCIPLE of VENTURI FLOWMETER

1 2
V2,P2
V1,P1

x
h Venturi
P V2 dWother
( gz ) F
Manometer 2 dm
12
2 ( P2 P1 ) f
Pa Pb V2
1 A 2
A 2
2 1
Pa P1 f gx 12
2 P1 P2
Pb P2 f g x h m gh V2 Cv

f 1 A22 A12

0 P1 P 2 gh( m f ) Discharge Coeff

P1 P 2 gh( m f ) 2 gh m f
12

V2 Cv

f 1 A A
2
2 1
2

DISCHARGE COEFF
 VENTURI FLOWMETER

Very smooth ventury meter with discharge coefficient close to 1

 ORIFICEMETER

The fluid is forced to converge to go through the small

hole (orifice).

The point of maximum convergence actually occurs

shortly downstream of the orifice, at the so-called vena
contracta point.

Beyond the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the

velocity and pressure change again.
ORIFICE PLATE IS EASY TO BE REPLACED
MOUNTINGS
 ORIFICEMETER

An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in the middle.

It is usually placed in a pipe in which fluid flows
 PRINCIPLES OF ORIFICEMETER

12
2 P1 P2
V2 Co 2

f 1
A2
2
A 1

2 gh m f
12

V2 Co
1 2
f 1 A A
2
2 1
2

Discharge coefficient of Orifice Flowmeter

Reynolds number based on orifice diameter Red

 MASS FLOWRATE

12
2 P1 P2
V2 Co 2

f 1 A
2
2
A 1

Q A2V2
12
2 P1 P2
Q A2Co 2

f 1
A2
2
A 1 C Co
1

12
1 d 4
2 d14
12

1 2 P1 P2 1
Q A2Co C Co
1 d 4
2 d14
12
f 1 4 12

12
2 P1 P2
Q A2C
f

m Q f A2C 2 f P1 P2
12
 FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUID

m Q f YA2C 2 f P1 P2
12

Y = Expansion factor, dimensionless

r = P2 / P1
k = specific heat ratio (cp / cv), dimensionless
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

k = specific heat ratio (cp / cv), dimensionless

= mass flow rate at any section, kg/s

C = orifice flow coefficient, dimensionless

A2 = cross-sectional area of the orifice hole, m

1 = upstream real gas density, kg/m

P1 = upstream gas pressure, Pa with dimensions of kg/(ms)

P2 = downstream pressure in the orifice hole, Pa with dimensions of kg/(ms)

M = the gas molecular mass, kg/kmol (also known as the molecular weight)

R = the Universal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 J/(molK)

T1 = absolute upstream gas temperature, K

Z = the gas compressibility factor at P1 and T1, dimensionless

Example 1

A Venturimeter with an entrance diameter of 0.3m and

a throat diameter of 0.2m is used to measure the
volume of gas flowing through a pipe.
The discharge coefficient of the meter is 0.96.
Assuming the specific weight of the gas to be constant
at 19.62 N/m3.
Calculate the volume flowing when the pressure
difference between the entrance and the throat is
measured as 0.06m on a water U-tube manometer.
[0.816 m3/s]
Specific gravity =
.g=19.62 kg/m3.m/s2

Rp=0.06m
 2 gh m f
12
Formula V2 Cv

f 1 A A
2
2 1
2

For the manometer:

For the Venturimeter
 Example 2
A Venturimeter is used for measuring flow of water
along a pipe. The diameter of the Venturi throat is two
fifths the diameter of the pipe. The inlet and throat are
connected by water filled tubes to a mercury U-tube
manometer. The velocity of flow along the pipe is found
to be m/s,

where H is the manometer reading in metres of

mercury. Determine the loss of head between inlet and
throat of the Venturi when H is 0.49m. (Relative density
of mercury is 13.6).
[0.23m of water]
For the manometer:

For the Venturimeter

Combining (1) and (2)

Example 3
A Venturimeter is to fitted in a horizontal pipe of 0.15m
diameter to measure a flow of water which may be anything
up to 240m3/hour.
The pressure head at the inlet for this flow is 18m above
atmospheric and the pressure head at the throat must not
be lower than 7m below atmospheric.
Between the inlet and the throat there is an estimated
frictional loss of 10% of the difference in pressure head
between these points.
Calculate the minimum allowable diameter for the throat.
[0.063m
Friction loss, from the question:
Example 4
A Venturimeter of throat diameter 0.076m is fitted in a 0.152m diameter
vertical pipe in which liquid of relative density 0.8 flows downwards.
Pressure gauges are fitted to the inlet and to the throat sections.
The throat being 0.914m below the inlet.
Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.97
find the discharge
a) when the pressure gauges read the same
b) when the inlet gauge reads 15170 N/m2 higher than the throat gauge.
[0.0192m3/s, 0.034m3/s]
Z1-Z2=0 914m

Q=?
when
b)
ROTAMETER
ROTAMETER
The rotameter is a variable area meter which
consists of a vertical, tapered, transparent tube
containing a float.
as the fluid flow increases, the float moves upward,
to increase the area of the annulus between the
outer diameter of the float and the inner wall of the
tube.

The float will continue to move upward until a

pressure drop across the float is reached. This
pressure drop across the float is constant
regardless of the flow rate.

Graduations are etched on the side of the tube so

that an instantaneous reading may be observed
 PRINCIPLES OF ROTAMETER
Base on Newton Law using drag force

Fweight Fdrag Fboyancy

g v2 fluid
V float float CA float V float
gc 2gc gc
1
2V float g ( float fluid ) 2
v
CA float fluid
1
Af = cross sectional area of the float
C = drag coefficient 2V f g ( float fluid ) 2
g = local acceleration due to gravity v
gc = dimensional constan C float A foat fluid

Only one possible value that keep the float steadily suspended.
Flow rate is always the same
The float must move to the elevation in the tapered tube where the
flowrate is v
 PRINCIPLES OF ROTAMETER
Base on Newton Law using pressure force

Transparent tapered Solid ball with

tube with diameter diameter D0
D0+Bz 3 Density B
2 2
1
z=0
Fluid with density F

0 Fgravity Fpressure top Fboyancy Fpressure bottom

3 3
0 D0 b g P3D0 D0 f g P1D02
2

6 6
 ROTAMETER
Tansparent tapered tube Solid ball with
with diameter D0+Bz diameter D0
3 Density B
2 2
1
z=0
Fluid with density F

0 Fgravity ( Fpressure top Fpresure bottom ) Fboyancy

3 3
0 D0 b g P3D0 P1D0 D0 f g
2 2

6 6
 ROTAMETER
Newton LAW Bernoulli
3 P V2 dWother
0 D0 b g D03 f g ( P3D02 P1D02 ) ( gz ) F
6 6 2 dm

3 V22 V12 V22 A22

D0 ( b f ) g D02 ( P1 P3 ) P1 P2 f ( ) f (1 2 )
6 2 2 2 A1
A22
jika P3 P2 jika 2 0
A1

D0 V22
( b f ) g ( P1 P2 ) P1 P2 f
6 2
1
D0 g b f 2
V2
3 f

Only one possible value that keep the ball steadily suspended
 ROTAMETER
D0+Bz D D0 B.z
For any rate the ball must move to that Solid ball D0
elevation in the tapered tube where Density B
3
1 2 2
D0 g b f 2 1
V2 F
3 f z=0


A2 D0 B.z 2 D02
4
Q2 V2 A2 A2

[ 2 Bz ( B.z ]
2

4

A2 Bz
Q2 V2 Bz B.z
2
0
2 2

The height z at which the ball stands, is linearly proportional to

the volumetric flowrate Q
SEVERAL ROTAMETER DESIGN
 PITOT TUBE
The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow
the moving fluid is brought to rest (stagnates) as there is no outlet to allow flow to continue

h1
P V2 dWother
( gz ) F
2
h2 2 dm
1
( P2 P1 ) V12
F
2
PITOT TUBE

P2 Patm g h1 h2
V1 2 gh1 2 F
12
P1 Patm gh2

V1 2gh1
1 2
PITOT TUBE
PITOT TUBE
Aircraft use pitot tubes to measure airspeed.

V = fluid velocity;
Pt = stagnation or total pressure;
ps = static pressure; and
= fluid density.
Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure
PITOT TUBE
WEIR FLOWMETER
Rectangular Weir
Example
Derive an expression for the discharge
over a sharp crested rectangular weir.
A sharp edged weir is to be
constructed across a stream in which
the normal flow is 200 litres/sec.
If the maximum flow likely to occur in
the stream is 5 times the normal flow
then determine the length of weir
necessary to limit the rise in water
level to 38.4cm above that for normal
flow. Cd=0.61.
[1.24m]
From the question:
Q1 = 0.2 m3/s, h1 = x
Q2 = 1.0 m3/s, h2 = x + 0.384
where x is the height above the weir at normal flow. So we have two
situations:

From (1) we get an expression for b in terms of x

Substituting this in (2) gives,

Factors affecting flowmeter
performance
Process media
Liquid
Gas Temperature
Density (Specific Velocity
Gravity)
Viscosity
Pressure
Flowmeter Performance

Accuracy
Repeatability
Linearity
Rangeability
Types of Accuracy

% Rate
% Full
Scale
% Span
% Max DP
Accuracy

% Rate The percent accuracy value is constant

and applied to the actual (or indicated)
flowrate
Flowrate 1% rate
Example:100 GPM 1 GPM
50 GPM 0.5 GPM
10 GPM .01 GPM
% Full Scale The absolute value of error (as expressed
in engineering units)
Flowrate 1% Full Scale %
Example:
Rate
100 GPM 1 GPM 1%
50 GPM 1 GPM 2%
10 GPM 1 GPM 10%
Accuracy

Percent Error Versus Flow

Poor Repeatability Means
Poor Accuracy

Good Accuracy Means

Good Repeatability

Good Repeatability Does Not

Necessarily Mean Good Accuracy
 TYPES OF FLUID FLOW METERS

(Differential headmeter) (Areameter)

-Orifices, -Rotameters, -Turbine,

-Venturies, -Vortex,
-Nozzles, -Electromagnetic,
-Pitot Tubes, -Doppler,
-Ultrasonic,
-Thermal,
-Coriolis
 VOLUMETRIC FLOWMETERS TYPES

Difference Pressure
Turbine
Vortex / Swirl
Magnetic
Target
Ultrasonic
Displacement

Note: can be inferred mass with compensating transmitter

Differential Pressure Flowmeters

Flow Measurement Principles

P
Q=K
ORIFICE PLATE
(or FLOW TUBE)
VENA
CONTRACTA

Direction of Flow

MANOMETER
h (or DP TRANSMITTER)
 DP Primary Elements

Various Flow
Orifice Nozzle
Configuration

Flow
Tube
Venturi
Flowmeter
 DP Primary Elements

Averaging Pitot

Accelabar
Combined Pitot &
Venturi

Wedge Element
 DP Flowmeters
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
ADVANTAGES
Use On Liquid, Gas, and Steam
Suitable for Extreme Temperatures
and Pressures
No Moving Parts
Low Cost

DISADVANTAGES
Limited Rangeability
Effected By Changes In Density,
Pressure, and Viscosity
Maintenance Intensive
 Magnetic Flow Meters

Operating Principle

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction is the underlying principle of operation for magnetic flow
meters.

E = constant x B x L x V

Whe E = The voltage generated in a conductor

re; V = The velocity of the moving conductor
B = The strength of the magnetic field
L = The length of the conductor path (The
distance between probes)
Magmeter Requirements

Process must be a
liquid
Minimum
conductivity
Meter must be full
 Magnetic Flowmeters

MAGNETIC
ADVANTAGES
No Moving Parts
Very Wide Rangeability
Ideal For Slurries
Unobstructed Flow Path

DISADVANTAGES
Liquid Must Be Conductive
Physical Pressure and Temperature
Limits
Magnetic Flowmeters
Advantages Over Other Technologies
No moving parts
No pressure drop
Flowrate independent of viscosity, temperature, and density
Minimum upstream piping requirements
Electronics interchangeable without regard to size
Measure dirty liquids with solids
Measure highly corrosive fluids
Very large turndown
Linear output
Vortex Meter
Vortex Meter
Principle of Operation
Q=VxA
Vortex
 Vortex / Swirlmeter
VORTEX / SWIRLMETER

ADVANTAGES
No Moving Parts
For Liquid, Gas, or Steam
Uneffected by Pressure, Temperature,
or Density Changes.
Wide Rangeability

DISADVANTAGES
Span Limitations Due to Viscosity
Flow Profile Sensitive (Vortex)
Swirlmeter
Principle of Operation
Preamplifier
Housing

Swirler Sensor Deswirler

Backflow

r = local radius
VA = axial velocity of flow
VT = angular velocity of flow
p = static pressure
Swirlmeters

Benefits
High Accuracy 0.50% of Rate
No Moving Parts
Minimal Upstream Piping
Measures Low Flows
Versatile
Electronics can be used for Diagnostics
Works with Entrained Liquids
Swirlmeter

Cut-Away View
Technical Data
Measures liquids, gases and
steam
Available integral, remote, or
flow computer electronics
Accuracy 0.50% rate
Sizes 0.75" thru 16.0"
Minimal upstream piping req.
Flow as low as 1 GPM
Excellent in light gas
applications
Turbine Meter
Turbine Meter

Principle of Operation

Rotor velocity is proportional to fluid velocity

Turbine Meter

High accuracy (.5% of rate)

High rangeability (up to 50:1)
Compact design
Fast response time
Broad range of sizes
Clean water applications only
NIST Traceable Factory Calibration
Low cost, Easy to install
In and out of line, under pressure
Turbine Meter

Performance Considerations
Straight pipe run requirements
Process fluid lubricity
Reynolds number constraints
Viscosity
Density
Maintenance & recalibration
 Turbine Flowmeters

TURBINE
ADVANTAGES
High Accuracy
Suitable for Extreme
Temperatures and Pressures
Can Be Used On Gas or Liquid

DISADVANTAGES
Only For Low Viscosities
Moving Parts
Sensitive to Flow Profile
Positive Displacement Flowmeters
PD Flowmeters

Types

Helical gear
Nutating disk
Oscillating
piston
Oval gear
Rotary
Positive Displacement Meter

Typical Principle of Operation

Schematic of a
Schematic of a rotary-vane flowmeter
nutating-disk meter Schematic of a
lobed-impeller flowmeter
PD Flowmeters

Advantages

Ideal for viscous fluids

Custody transfer
Batching
Minimal straight piping
requirements
Ultrasonic Flowmeters

Types

Doppler
Time of
flight
 Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Principle of Operation

Doppler
Flowmeter
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Principle of Operation

Transit-Time
Flowmeter
Ultrasonic Flowmeters

Performance Considerations

Reynolds number constraints

Entrained gas or particles for
doppler
Clean liquids for time of flight
Installed without process shut
down
Straight upstream piping
requirements
 Ultrasonic

ULTRASONIC
ADVANTAGES
No Moving Parts
Unobstructed Flow Passage
Wide Rangeability

V DISADVANTAGES
For Liquids Only (limited gas)
Flow Profile Dependent
Errors Due To Deposits
 Mass Flowmeter
Direct Measurement

Thermal Dispersion
Coriolis
Coriolis Mass Flowmeter
When the flow velocity v = 0 m/s / 0 ft/s, the Coriolis force Fc is also 0. At flowing
conditions, i. e. flow velocity v > 0 m/s / 0 ft/s, the fluid particles in the product are
accelerated between points AC and decelerated between points CB.
The Coriolis force Fc is generated by the inertia of the fluid particles accelerated
between points AC and of those decelerated between points CB.
This force causes an extremely slight distortion of the measuring tube that is
superimposed on the fundamental component and is directly proportional to the mass
flowrate.
This distortion is picked up by special sensors. Since the oscillatory characteristics of
the measuring tube are dependent on temperature, the temperature is measured
continuously and the measured values corrected accordingly.
Coriolis
 Coriolis

CORIOLIS
ADVANTAGES
Direct Mass Measurement
High Accuracy
Additional Density Measurement
Uneffected By Flow Profile

DISADVANTAGES
High Purchase Price
High Installation Cost
Size Limitations
Vibration Sensitive
Thermal Dispersion
 Thermal Dispersion Mass Flowmeter

Gas application only

Relatively inexpensive
Easy to install and remove under pressure
Accuracy 0.5%
Turndown, 100:1
Capable of monitoring extremely low flows
True mass flow meter (compensates for
temperature/pressure)
BERNOULLI FOR THE GAS
 P V2 dWother
( gz ) F
2 dm

Density tetap

apakah bernoulli bisa untuk gas?

 BERNOULLI UNTUK GAS

Patmosfir P V2
( gz )
dWother
F
1 2 dm

VR,PR
P1,V1 12
( P Patm )
V1 2 R
RT 1 RT1
P1v1 1 v1
1 P1M
M

12
-------------------- ------------- 2 RT1 (Eq.5.17)
P1-Patm V (ft/s) V(ft/s) V1 ( PR Patm )
Psia (Eq.5.17) (Eq.in Chap.8) P1M
-------------------------- ---------
0.001 35 35
0.1 111 111 MV12 2 T
0.3 191 191 ( R 1) Eq.in Chap.8
0.6 267 269 2 RkT1 (k 1) T1
1.0 340 344
2.0 467 477 k k 1
5.0 679 714 PR TR

P1 T1