Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What is a theory?
A set of concepts,
definitions,
relationships, and
assumptions that
project a systematic
view of a phenomena
What are the components of
a theory?
Defined
Nursing:Assisting the
individual, sick or well, in
the performance of those
activities contributing to
health or its recovery (or
to peaceful death) that an
individual would perform
unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will or
knowledge.
Identified 14 basic needs :
Breathing normally
Eating and drinking adequately
Eliminating body wastes
Moving and maintaining desirable position
Sleeping and resting
Selecting suitable clothes
Maintaining body temperature within normal range
Keeping the body clean and well-groomed
Avoiding dangers in the environment
Communicating with others
Worshipping according to ones faith
Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
Playing/participating in various forms of recreation
Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal
development and health and using available health facilities.
Madeleine Leiningers Transcultural Care Theory and Ethnonursing
Nursing is a process of
action, reaction, and
interaction whereby
nurse and client share
information about their
perception in the
nursing situation
King used a systems approach in the development
of her dynamic interacting systems framework and in
her subsequent Goal-Attainment Theory.
King emphasizes that both the nurse and the client
bring important knowledge and information to the
relationship and that they work together to achieve
goals.
Three interacting Systems
The relationship of three interacting systems led to
Kings Theory of Goal Attainment are
Disturbance(problem)
Goal attainment
.Is the outer boundary to the normal line of defense, the line
of resistance, and the core structure.
.Keeps the system free from stressors and is dependent on
the amount of sleep, nutritional status, as well as the
quality and quantity of stress an individual experiences.
.If the flexible line of defense fails to provide adequate
protection to the normal line of defense, the lines of
resistance become activated.
Neuman categorizes Stressors as:
Stressors
Are capable of producing either a positive or negative effect on the
client system.
Is any environmental force which can potentially affect the stability
of the system:
1. Intrapersonal- occur within person, example is infection,
thoughts and feelings
2. Interpersonal- occur between individuals, e.g. role expectations
3. Extrapersonal- occur outside the individual, e.g. job or finance
concerns
.A persons reaction to stressors depends on the strength of the lines
of defense.
.When the lines of defense fails, the resulting reaction depends on
the strength of the lines of resistance.
.As part of the reaction, a persons system can adapt to a stressor,
an effect known as reconstitution.
Reconstitution
Is the increase in energy that occurs in relation to the
degree of reaction to the stressor which starts after
initiation of treatment for invasion of stressors.
May expand the normal line of defense beyond its
previous level, stabilize the system at a lower level, or
return it to the level that existed before the illness.
Nursing interventions focus on retaining or
maintaining system stability.
By means of primary, secondary and tertiary
interventions, the person (or the nurse) attempts to
restore or maintain the stability of the system.
Prevention
Is the primary nursing intervention.
Focuses on keeping stressors and the stress response from having a
detrimental effect on the body.
1. Primary prevention-focuses on protecting the normal line of defense and
strengthening the flexible line of defense. This occur before the system
reacts to a stressor and strengthens the person (primarily the flexible line of
defense) to enable him to better deal with stressors and also manipulates
the environment to reduce or weaken stressors. Includes health promotion
and maintenance of wellness.
2. Secondary prevention-focuses on strengthening internal lines of
resistance, reducing the reaction of the stressor and increasing resistance
factors in order to prevent damage to the central core. This occurs after the
system reacts to a stressor. This includes appropriate treatment of symptoms
to attain optimal client system stability and energy conservation.
3. Tertiary prevention-focuses on readaptation and stability, and protects
reconstitution or return to wellness after treatment. This occurs after the
system has been treated through secondary prevention strategies. Tertiary
prevention offers support to the client and attempts to add energy to the
system or reduce energy needed in order to facilitate reconstitution.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parses
Theory of Human Becoming
Nursing is a scientific
discipline, the practice of
which is a performing art
Three assumption about Human
Becoming:
1. Human becoming is freely choosing personal
meaning in situation in the intersubjective
process of relating value priorities
2. becoming is co-creating rhythmic patterns or
relating in mutual process in the universe
3. Human becoming is co-transcending
multidimensionally with emerging
possibilities.
These three assumptions focus on meaning,
rhythmicity, and contrascendence:
1. Meaning arises from a persons
interrelationship with the world and refers
to happenings to which the person attaches
varying degree of significance.
2. Rhythmicity is the movement toward
greater diversity
3. Contrascendence is the process of
reaching out beyond the self.
Model of human becoming emphasizes how
individuals choose and bear responsibility for
patterns of personal health.
Contends that the client , not the nurse , is
the authority figure and decision maker.
The nurses role involves helping individuals
and families in choosing the possibilities for
changing the health process.
MARTHA ROGERS' SCIENCE OF
UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
Described
theirreduciblenature of
individuals as being
different from the sum of
their parts
She theorized that the
identity of nursing as a
science arises from
theintegralityof people and
the environment that
coordinates with a
multidimensional universe
of open systems
Rogers' model provides the way of viewing
the unitary human being. Humans are viewed
as integral with the universe: the unitary
human being and the environment are one,
not dichotomous
The basic characteristics that describe the life
process of human include energy field,
openness, pattern, and pan-
dimensionality. The basic concepts of the
theory include unitary human being,
environment, and homeodynamic
principles.
Concepts of Rogers' mode