FAILURE IN BRICK

MASONARY
WHAT IS BRICK
MASONRY?
Brick masonry is the process of
constructing a building from individual
bricks laid in a specific pattern and
bound together by mortar.
 The various types of bonds
generally used in brick masonry
are:

1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond.
 Different kinds of bonds adopted in practice

English bond Flemish bond Header bond

Stretcher bond Quetta bond Rat-trap bond

 Stretcher Bond
Only used for walls of half brick thickness
(partition wall) , this is the only practical bond
which can be used on a wall of this thickness to
break the vertical continuity brick bat is
provided in alternating courses.
 Header Bond
Header Bond also known as (Spanish bond) was
a very common bond for bearing walls. It is
composed of header bricks, set in rows that are
offset of a brick in alternating courses, which
produces a solid easy to lay bond.
 English Bond
The strongest bond
This bond maximizes the strength of wall
Pattern on the face of the wall shows
distinctive courses of headers &
stretchers.
 Flemish Bond
Decorative pattern on face of the wall
shows alternate headers & stretchers in
each with the headers centered under
and over stretchers in adjacent courses.
HOW DAMAGE OCCURS IN BRICK-
MASONRY STRUCTURES:

Effect of Aging on Brick-Work:

Rain Exposure
Temperature
Moisture Absorption
Chemical Alteration
Continuous Exposure to Chemical
 GENERAL CAUSES TO DEVELOP
THE CRACKS:
Poor quality of bricks For masonry work.
Plumb alignment.
The position of the element in the structure.
Differential loading.
Weak mortar.
Insufficient bond.
Improper curing.
Entered dampness from ground, roof and exterior
faces.
High daily temperature variations.
Atmospheric pollutions.
Lack of strength at corner and at junction of walls.
Improper binding of thick walls.
 Following slides shows
photographs of failure patterns of
masonry buildings observed

Out-of plane collapse of wall of a school

Timber post supported wall of a shop building intact
Out-of-plane collapse of sandstone in lime mortar
masonry wall
House with lintel band and columns
 Separation of corner column from the neighbouring
masonry
Out-of-plane failure of wall leading to collapse of lintel band
Corner failure
Collapse of walls between
openings
 Following of crack repair
methods
Epoxy injection :
Cracks as narrow as 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) can be bonded by the
injection of epoxy. The technique generally consists of
establishing entry and venting ports at close intervals along the
cracks, sealing the crack on exposed surfaces, and injecting the
epoxy under pressure.

Routing and sealing

Routing and sealing of cracks can be used in conditions
requiring remedial repair and where structural repair is not
necessary. This method involves enlarging the crack along its
exposed face and filling and sealing it with a suitable joint
sealant
 Stitching
Stitching involves drilling holes on both sides of the crack and
grouting inU-shaped metal units with short legs (staples or
stitching dogs) that span the crack as shown in Stitching may be
used when tensile strength must be reestablished across major
cracks.
 Pre-stressing steel
Post-tensioning is often the desirable solution when a major
portion of a member must be strengthened or when the cracks
that have formed must be closed . This technique uses pre
stressing strands or bars to apply a compressive force.
 Drilling and plugging
Drilling and plugging a crack consists of drilling down the
length of the crack. This technique is only applicable when
cracks run in reasonable straight lines and are accessible
at one end. This method is most often used to repair
vertical cracks in retaining walls. A hole [typically 2 to 3
in. (50 to 75 mm) in diameter] should be drilled, centered
on and following the crack k and grouting it to form a key.
 Grouting
Portland cement grouting
Wide cracks, particularly in gravity dams
and thick concrete walls, may be repaired
by filling with Portland cement grout. This
method is effective in stopping water
leaks, but it will not structurally bond
cracked sections. Grout mixtures may
contain cement and water or cement plus
sand and water, depending on the width
of the crack.
 Advantages:
Since shape and size of bricks are uniform, it do
not need skilled labour for the construction.
Bricks are light in weight and hence handling
them is easy.
It is easy to form openings for doors and
windows.
Dead load of brick masonry is less.
In brick masonry mortar joints are thin and
hence construction cost is reduced considerably.
Brick masonry has better fire and weather
resistance compared to stone masonry.
 Disadvantages:
Strength of brick masonry is less than
that of stone masonry.
Durability of brick masonry is less.
Brick masonry absorbs water and there
are possibility of dampness.
More architectural effects can be given in
stone masonry compared to that in brick
masonry.
THANK YOU..