Applied Mechanical Engineering

Week 8
Prepared by
Muhammad Jamshaid
Email: muhammad.jamshaid@bzu.edu.pk
Contact no: 03216350069
Lecturer
Mechanical Engineering Department
UCE&T, BZU Multan.
 Sequence...
The Perfect gas
Specific heat capacity
Joules Law
Relationships of specific heat
capacities.
Specific enthalpy of a perfect gas
Ratio of specific heat capacities
Problems
 The perfect gas.
The characteristic equation of state:
At temperatures that are considerably in
excess of the critical temperature of a fluid, and
also at very low pressures, the vapor of the
fluid tends to obey the equation.
The characteristic equation of state of a perfect gas

The constant R is called the specific gas

constant and the units of R are Nm/kgK or
kJ/kgK
Perfect gas: An imaginary ideal gas which
obeys the law is called a perfect gas.
The perfect gas ...Contd.
For a mass m and occupying a volume V,
(a)
Another form of the characteristic equation can be derived by
using the amount of substance (mol).
The amount of substance of a system is that quantity which
contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in
0.012kg of C-12.
The normal unit for the amount of substance is mol. In SI it is
convenient to use kmol
Molar mass: The mass of any substance per amount of substance
is known as the molar mass.

where m is the mass and n is the amount of substance and the units of
molar mass is kg/kmol .
The perfect gas ...Contd.
Substituting for m in eq. (a) gives,

Now Avogadros hypothesis states that the

volume of 1 mol of any gas is same as volume
of 1 mol of any other gas, when the gases are
at the same temperature and pressure .
Therefore V/n is same for all gases at same
value of p and T. i.e. the quantity pV/nT is
constant for all gases . this constant is called
the molar gas constant. And is given the
symbol RR and the value of RR is 8.3145kJ/kmolK
Problems.
Problem1: A vessel of volume 0.2m3 contains nitrogen at
1.013bar and 15C. If 0.2kg of nitrogen is now pumped into
the vessel, calculate the new pressure when the vessel has
returned to its initial temperature. The molar mass of
nitrogen is 28kg/kmol, and it may be assumed to be a
perfect gas. (Answer 1.87 bar)
Problem 2: A certain perfect gas of mass 0.01 kg occupies a
volume of 0.003m3 at a pressure of 7 bar and temperature
of 131C. The gas is allowed to expand until the pressure is 1
bar and the final volume is 0.02m. Calculate the molar mass
of the gas and the final temperature. (Answers 16
kg/kmol; 111.5C)
Specific heat capacity
The specific heat capacity of a solid or liquid is usually defined
as, the heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass
through one degree
dQ=mcdT
where m is the mass, dT is the increase in temperature and c is
the specific heat capacity.
For a gas there are an infinite number of ways in which heat
may be added between two temperatures, and hence a gas could
have an infinite number of specific heat capacities.
However, only two specific heat capacities are defined; the
specific heat capacity at constant volume, cv, and the
specific heat capacity at constant pressure,
cp.
Specific heat capacity
Contd.
For a reversible non-flow
process at constant
pressure dQ=mcpdT .. (a)
For a reversible non flow process at constant
volume
dQ=mcvdT .. (b)
For a perfect gas the values of cp and cv are
constant for any one gas at all temperatures and
pressures.
Integrating eq. (a) for a reversible constant pressure
process Q=mcp (T2-T1)
Integrating eq. (b) for a reversible constant volume
process Q=mcv (T2-T1)
 Joules Law.
Joules law states that the internal
energy of a perfect gas is a function of
absolute temperature i.e u=f(T).
Specific internal energy for a perfect
gas u=cvT, and for a mass m, U=mcvT
In any process for a perfect gas
between states 1 and 2
Gain in internal energy=U2-
U1=mcv(T2-T1)
 Relationship between the specific heat
capacities
cp-cv=R
Specific enthalpy , h ,for a perfect gas is given by
h=cpT
For a mass, m, of a perfect gas
H=mcpT
Ratio of specific heat capacities
The ratio of specific heat capacity at constant
pressure to the specific heat capacity at constant
volume is given by the symbol =cp/cv
The End