Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented by
Susan Shrestha
062BME645
Contents
Solar Cooling
Solar absorption
Combined solar heating and
cooling
Solar mechanical cooling
Solar related air-conditioning
What is Solar Cooling?
Use of solar energy directly to drive
cooling cycle for two propose, to provide
refrigeration for food preservation and
comfort cooling.
Why Solar Cooling?
Some Facts
% of annual electrical consumption % of annual electrical consumption
(Commercial buildings in India) (Residential buildings in India)
8% 10%
4%
Lighting (60%) 28% Lighting (28% )
HAVC (32%) Airconditioning (7% )
Others (8%) 13% Fans (34% )
32% EV Coolers (4% )
Refrigeration (13% )
4%
60% 7% TV (4% )
Others (10% )
34%
E je c to r c y c le
2 0 °C
3 0 0 °C
R a n k in e c y c le A ir -c o n d itio n in g
C o n c e n tr a tin g
heat
1 5 0 °C 1 5 °C
S o la r T h e rm a l ETC
A b s o r p tio n
C o lle c to r s 1 0 0 °C
- F la t P la t e F la t P la te
-E v a c u a te d T u b e
7 0 °C
- C o n c e n t r a t in g
A d s o r p tio n 8 °C
Food,
C h e m ic a l r e a c tio n V a c c in e S to r a g e
0 °C
T h e r m o -e le c tr ic c y c le
F r e e z in g
electricity
Photovoltaics
V a p o u r c o m p r e s s io n
S tir lin g c y c le
How Cooling System Works?
Generator
absorber
Coefficient of performance
The performance of cooling equipment/system is
usually rated in terms of COP, defined as the
cooling output, or refrigeration effect divided by
the energy input.
In general,
Absorption Cooling System
An absorption cycle is a heat-activated thermal
cycle. It ex-changes only thermal energy with its
surroundings—no appreciable mechanical energy is
exchanged.
no appreciable conversion of heat to work or work to
heat occurs in the cycle
The two great advantages of this type of cycle in
comparison to other cycles with similar product are
• No large rotating mechanical equipment is required
• Any source of heat can be used, including low-
temperature sources (e.g., waste heat)
Principle
All absorption cycles include at least three thermal energy exchanges
with their surroundings.
Flow two cycle (a) Forward absorption cycle(FAC) (b) reverse
absorption cycle (RAC)
In FAC, the highest temperature heat is always supplied to the
generator
Qhot≡Qgen
and the coldest heat is supplied to the evaporator
Qcold≡Qevap
In RAC, highest temperature heat is rejected from the absorber, and
the lowest temperature heat is rejected from the condenser. So, for
ideal system, using energy balance
Qevap ≈Qcond
And, Qgen ≈Qabs
Absorbent Refrigeran
t
LiBr H2O
H2O NH3
Working
Solution Pump – A dilute refrigerant is collected in the bottom of the absorber shell. Pump moves
the solution through heat exchanger for preheating (regeneration).
Generator – After exiting the heat exchanger, the dilute solution moves into the upper shell. The
solution surrounds a bundle of tubes which carries either steam or hot water. The steam or hot water
transfers heat into the pool of dilute refrigerant solution. The solution boils, sending refrigerant
vapor upward into the condenser and leaving behind concentrated lithium bromide. The
concentrated refrigerant solution moves down to the heat exchanger, where it is cooled by the weak
solution being pumped up to the generator.
Condenser – The refrigerant vapor migrates through mist eliminators to the condenser tube bundle.
The refrigerant vapor condenses on the tubes. The heat is removed by the cooling water which
moves through the inside of the tubes. As the refrigerant condenses, it collects in a trough at the
bottom of the condenser.
Evaporator – The refrigerant liquid moves from the condenser in the upper shell down to the
evaporator in the lower shell and is sprayed over the evaporator tube bundle. Due to the extreme
vacuum of the lower shell [6 mm Hg (0.8 kPa) absolute pressure], the refrigerant liquid boils at
approximately 39°F (3.9°C), creating the refrigerant effect. (This vacuum is created by hygroscopic
action - the strong affinity refrigerant has for water - in the Absorber directly below.)
Absorber – As the refrigerant vapor migrates to the absorber from the evaporator, the strong
refrigerant solution from the generator is sprayed over the top of the absorber tube bundle. The
strong refrigerant solution actually pulls the refrigerant vapor into solution, creating the extreme
vacuum in the evaporator. The absorption of the refrigerant vapor into the refrigerant solution also
generates heat which is removed by the cooling water. The now dilute refrigerant solution collects
in the bottom of the lower shell, where it flows down to the solution pump. The chilling cycle is
now completed and the process begins once again.
Single-Effect Absorption Cycle of LiBr-
H2O
(44oC)
48 C
o
(100oC)
(6.5oC)
(12oC)
(53oC)
(38oC)
Assumptions for Single-Effect
Water-Lithium Bromide Model
Generator and condenser as well as evaporator and absorber are
under same pressure
Refrigerant vapor leaving the evaporator is saturated pure water
Liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser is saturated
Strong solution leaving the generator is boiling
Refrigerant vapor leaving the generator has the equilibrium
temperature of the weak solution at generator pressure
Weak solution leaving the absorber is saturated
No liquid carryover from evaporator
Flow restrictors are adiabatic
Pump is isentropic
No jacket heat losses
The LMTD (log mean temperature difference) expression
adequately
estimates the latent changes
Ideal Properties of H2O–LiBr
The generation process is one of increasing the
concentration from 55 to 60% while the equilibrium
temperature of the solution rises from 72 to 82 oC at the
condenser. In the absorber, the solution concentration
drops from 60-55% as the solution temperature drops
from 48 to 38oC, all at the evaporator pressure. In a real
cycle, some sensible heat will have to be transferred in
the generator and absorber.
Many LiBr-H2O machines have nearly constant COP as
the generator temperatures vary over the operating
range, as long as the temperatures are above minimum.
The thermal COP is usually in the range of 0.6-0.8.
The generator temperatures are in the range 70-90 oC as
water used as coolant.
So, temperature of the fluid supplied to the generator
must be higher than this.
Single-Effect Absorption Cycle of H2O-NH3