Chapter 10 Introduction to Organic

Chemistry: Alkanes
1

10.5
Functional Groups

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Elements in Organic Compounds
2

In organic molecules, carbon atoms bond

with four bonds

mostly with H and other C atoms

sometimes to O, N, S

sometimes to halogens F, Cl, and Br

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Elements in Organic Compounds
3

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Functional Groups
4

Functional groups are

a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave

in a predictable way
composed of an atom or group of atoms

groups that replace a hydrogen atom in the

corresponding alkane
a way to classify families of organic compounds

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic
Compounds
5

Alkenes contain a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms.

Alkynes contain a triple bond.
Aromatic compounds contain a ring of six carbon atoms
called benzene.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Comparing Alkenes, Alkynes, and
6
Aromatic Compounds

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Learning Check
7

Identify the following compounds as an alkene, alkyne, or

aromatic compound.

A.

B.

C.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Solution
8

Identify the following compounds as an alkene, alkyne or

aromatic compound.

A. aromatic

B. alkene

C. alkyne

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Alcohols, Thiols, and Ethers
9

An alcohol contains the hydroxyl (OH)

functional group.

A thiol contains the thiol (SH) functional

group.

An ether contains an oxygen atom bonded

to two carbon atoms
(COC) functional group.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Aldehydes and Ketones
10

An aldehyde contains a carbonyl

group (C=O), which is a carbon atom
with a double bond to an oxygen atom. O
The carbonyl carbon is attached to a
hydrogen. C
H

In a ketone, the carbon

of the carbonyl group (C=O) is O
attached to two carbon atoms.
C
C C

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
11

Carboxylic acids contain the

carboxyl group, which is a
carbonyl group attached O
to a hydroxyl group.
C
COOH
C OH

An ester contains the

carboxyl group between
carbon atoms. O
COOCH3
C
C O

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Amines
12

Amines
have a functional group that

contains a nitrogen atom

are derivatives of ammonia,

NH3, in which one, two, or

three hydrogen atoms are
replaced withH carbons CH3 CH3

H3C N H3C N H3C N

H H CH3

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Amides
13

Amides
have an amine group instead

of an OH group on the O

carbonyl carbon
C
N

are an important biological

O
functional group, the
simplest amide
C
being urea
H2N NH2

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Classification of Organic Compounds
14

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Learning Check
15

Classify each of the following as an alcohol, ether,

aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or amide.
A.
B.
C.

D.

E.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Solution
16

Classify each of the following as an alcohol, ether,

aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or amide.
A. alcohol
B. ether
C. amine

D. carboxylic acid

E. ester

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Concept Map Organic Compounds
17

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.