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WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
OBJECTIVE
In the end of this chapter the student should be
able to:
WWTP
4.1 WASTEWATER SOURCES AND
There are two typesCHARACTERISTICS
of domestic sewage: blackwaterwastewater
from toilets, & graywaterwastewater from all sources except
toilets.
Blackwater and
graywater have
different
characteristics, but
both contain
pollutants and
disease-causing
Storm water is a nonresidential source and carries
trash and other pollutants from streets, as well as
pesticides and fertilizers from yards and fields.
Because of the variety of nonresidential wastewater
characteristics, communities need to assess each source
individually or compare similar types of nonresidential
sources to ensure that adequate treatment is provided.
Wastewater from some nonresidential sources also may
require additional treatment steps. For example,
storm water should be collected separately to prevent
the flooding of treatment plants during wet weather.
Trash and other large solids from storm sewers often are
removed by screens.
Industrial Wastewater
7
A range of wastewater characteristics are shown
in Table 1. the characteristics are categorized to
physical, chemical and biological. Some of the
contaminants are concerned is wastewater
treatment and the reason is tabulated in Table 2.
Table 1 :
Wastewat
er
Characteri
stics
Table 2: Important Contaminant Concerned
in Wastewater Treatment
CONTAMINATS REASON FOR IMPORTANCE
Suspended solids Can lead to development of sludge deposits and anaerobic
conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the
aquatic environment.
Biodegradable Composed principally of proteins, carbohydrates and fats,
organics biodegradable organics are measured most commonly in terms of
BOD and COD. If discharged untreated to the environment, their
biological stabilization can lead to the depletion of natural oxygen
resources and to the development of septic conditions.
Pathogens Communicable disease can be transmitted by the pathogenic
organisms in wastewater
Nutrients Both nitrogen and phosphorus, along with carbon are essential for
growth. When discharged to the aquatic environment these
nutrient can lead to the growth of undesirable aquatic life. When
discharge in excessive amounts on land, they can also lead to the
groundwater pollution.
Priority pollutants Organic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their
known or suspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity
or high acute toxicity.
Wastewaters can be classified as:
Domestic wastewater Industrial wastewater
- a.k.a municipal/sanitary - generated by large &
wastewater, simply sewage. medium scale industries.
- used water which has been - manufacturing industries
discharged from the residential, produce a large volume of
commercial and industrial area of high strength wastewaters.
a city, and collected through
sewage system.
- generally is 99.9% water and
contains only 0.1% of organic
and inorganic solids and also
microorganism(bacteria).
Table 3:
Typical
Contaminants
Concentration
Table 4: Average Characteristics of
Selected Industrial Wastewater
Manufactur Milk Meat Synthetic Chlorophen
er Processing Packing Textile olic
BOD (mg/L) 1000 1400 1500 4300
COD (mg/L) 1900 2100 3300 5400
Total Solid 1600 3300 8000 53000
(mg/L)
Nitrogen 300 1000 2000 1200
(mg/L)
Phosphorus 50 150 30 0
(mg/L)
pH 7 7 5 0
Temperature 29 28 - 7
C
Grease - 500 - -
(mg/L)
The majority of manufacturing wastes are more amenable
to biological treatment after dilution with domestic
wastewater.
Basically, BOD concentrations in industrial wastewater
ranged from 5-20 times greater than for domestic
wastewater.
Total solids also greater but vary in character from colloid
and dissolved organics food processing wastewater to
predominantly inorganic salt, such as the chlorophenolic
waste.
Suspended solids concentrations relative to BOD is
important when considering conventional primary
sedimentation and secondary biological treatment.
In general the
average
wastewater flow
may vary from
60-130% of the
water used in
community.
Figure 1 : Household Wastewater Generation
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
3 STAGES OF WATER TREATMENT
PRIMARY
- solids are separated
SECONDARY
- dissolved biological matter is converted into a
solid mass by using water-borne bacteria
- 95% of the suspended molecules should be
removed
TERTIARY
- biological solids are neutralized then disposed,
and treated water may be disinfected
chemically or physically
TYPES OF TREATMENT
MECHANICAL TREATMENT
Influx (Influent)
Removal of large objects
Removal of sand and grit
Primary Sedimentation
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Trickling bed filter
Activated sludge
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Disinfection
Waste Water Treatment Process
Preliminary Treatment
Removal of waste water constituents
such as rags, sticks, floatable grit, and
grease that may cause maintenance
or operational problem with the
treatment operations, processes, and
ancillary systems
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
Initially,woodchips,leaves,aquaticplants
andfloatingimpuritiesareremovedby
thescreeningprocess.
Afterthescreening,amorecompact
suspendedmaterialwillberemovedto
allowwatertoflowthroughthechamberin
whichitwillsettletothebottom.
The purpose of
screeningprocess
Restricttheentryofsuspendedsolids
suchasgarbageinthewatertreatment
plant.
Preventpump,pipeandequipmentfrom
cloggingordamage.
Launchedawatercourseforthenext
process.
Screening
These consist of bars usually spaced three-quarter
inches to six inches. Those most commonly used
provide clear openings of one to two inches.
They are usually set at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees
with the vertical.
The racks or screens may be cleaned either
manually or by means of automatically operated
rakes.
29
Grit Chamber
31
Grit Chamber
32
In this device all of the
wastewater flow passes
through the grinder
assembly
34
Skimming Tanks
A skimming tank is a chamber so arranged that the
floating matter like oil, fat, grease etc., rise and remain
on the surface of the waste water.
The chamber is a long trough shaped structure divided
up into two or three lateral compartments by vertical
baffle walls.
A theoretical detention period of 3 minutes is enough.
The floating matter can be either hand or mechanically
removed.
35
Skimming Tank
36
Primary Treatment
Removal of a portion of the suspended solids
and organic matter from
the wastewater.
Primary treatment
The objective - the removal of settle-able organic and inorganic
solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will
float (scum) by skimming
Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD5), 50 to 70% of the total suspended solids (SS), and
65% of the oil and grease are removed during primary treatment
Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and heavy metals
associated with solids are also removed during primary
sedimentation
In many industrialized countries, primary treatment is the
minimum level of pre-application treatment required for
wastewater irrigation
It may be considered sufficient treatment if the wastewater is
used to irrigate crops that are not consumed by humans or to
irrigate orchards, vineyards, and some processed food crops
Contd
Primary sedimentation tanks or clarifiers may be round or
rectangular basins, typically 3 to 5 m deep, with hydraulic
retention time between 2 and 3 hours
Note:
Detention time : Volume/Q
The mechanism of chemically enhanced primary sedimentation is
to use aeration tank prior to the settling tank. The chemical are
added to the aeration tank.
The amount of sludge produced during primary settling will
depend on the through flow, the total suspended solids and the
efficiency of solids removal. The quantity can be readily
determined from
Sm = Q x TSS X E kg/day
Where,
Sm = sludge quantity, kg/day
Q = through flow, m3/day
TSS = total suspended solid, mg/l
E = removal effeciency
Chemical enhancement sustains the high removal efficiency over
a wide range of removal rates.
In conventional primary tanks, as the surface overflow rate
increase, the removal efficiency decrease. With chemical
coagulant, the removal efficiencies are almost constant over SOR
range.
Table 1 below shows the comparison of pollutant removal
efficiency for primary treatment.
Parameter With coagulant Without
(%) coagulant (%)
TSS 60-90 40-70
BOD5 40-70 25-40
COD 30-60 20-30
TP (total 70-90 5-10
phosphorus)
Bacteria 80-90 50-60
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the amount (in kg/day and m3/day) of primary sludge
solids generated in a domestic treatment plant for P.E (total
capacity) 20,000 m3 with an efficiency of TSS removal if 60%.
Given per capita flow 225L/day and TSS concentration 300 mg/l.
Solution:
Q = 20,000 m3 x 225 L/day = 4500,000 m3.L/day
1 L = 0.001 m3
4500,000 m3.L/day = 4500 m3/day
Sm = Q x TSS x E kg/day
= 4500 m3/day x 300 mg/L x 0.6 mg/L
(note:1m3=1000kg)
= 810 kg/day
Assuming the density of sludge (ps) to be 1000 kg/m3 ,
then the volume of sludge generated daily
V = M / ps
= 810 kg/day / 1000 kg/m3
= 0.81 m3 / day
EXERCISE 1
Determine the surface area of a primary settling tank sized to handle a maximum
hourly flow of 0.570 m3/s at an overflow rate of 60.0 m/day. If the effective tank
depth is 3.0 m, what is the effective theoretical detention time?
Solution:
Surface area = Q/ SOR
= 0.570 m3/ s / 60.0 m/day
= (0.570 x (60x60x24) m3/day) / (60.0 m/day)
= 820.8 m2 @ 821 m2
Answers:
Volume Surface
= 821 m2 x area
3.0 m= 820.80 or 821 m2
=Detention
2463 m3 time, t0 = 1.2 h
Inthe case of the RBC, the support media are slowly rotating
discs that are partially submerged in flowing wastewater in the
reactor
Oxygen is supplied to the attached biofilm from the air when the
film is out of the water and from the liquid when submerged,
since oxygen is transferred to the wastewater by surface
turbulence created by the discs' rotation
Activated
sludge generally produces an effluent of slightly
higher quality, in terms of these constituents, than biofilters or
RBCs
Al <20%
Mo <20%
As <20%
Pb 20-50%
Mn 20-50%
Ag 20-50%
Cd >50%
Fe >50%
Cr >50%
Oxidation Ditch
The oxidation ditch is a modified form of
"extended aeration" of activated sludge
process. The ditch consists of a long
continuous channel oval in shape with two
surface rotors placed across the channel.
A Typical Oxidation Ditch
A View of Oxidation Ditch
EXAMPLE 3
A conventional activated sludge plant without
primary clarification operates under the following
conditions:
Design flow : 8100 m3/day
Influent BOD : 185 mg/L
Suspended solids: 212 mg/L
Aeration basins: 4 units, 12 m square x 4.5
deep
Mixed liquor suspended solid 2600 mg/L
(MLSS):
Recirculation flow: 3800 m3/day
Suspended solids in waste 8600 mg/L
sludge:
Effluent BOD: 15 mg/L
Suspended solids: 15 mg/L
Calculate :
a) Aeration period
b) BOD loading
c) Return activated sludge age
d) F/M ratio
e) Suspended solids and BOD removal
efficiencies
f) Sludge age
Solution:
a) Aeration period
Aeration basin volume = 4 units x (12m x 12m x
4.5m)
= 2592 m3
Aeration period, t = V / Q
= 2592 m3 / 8100 m3/day
= 0.32 day (x24 hours)
= 7.68 hrs @ 7.7 hrs
b) BOD loading = (Q x Concentration BOD) / Volume
= (8100 m3/day x 185 mg/L) / 2592
m3
c) Return activated sludge age
= (Recirculation flow /Q) x 100
= (3800 m3/day / 8100 m3/day) x 100
= 46.9 @ 47%
d) F/M ratio = (Q x Concentration BOD)
F/M= (food to microbes) Volume x MLSS
= (8100 m3/day x 185 mg/L)
2592 m3 x 2600 mg/L
= 0.222 g BOD / day
g MLSS
e) Suspended solids and BOD removal
efficiencies
Suspended solids removal = (212 -15 mg/L) x 100%
= 93%
212
BOD removal = (185 15 mg/L) x 100% = 92%
185
f) Sludge age
SS in the effluent = Q x Concentration SS
= 8100 m3/day x 15 mg/L
= 121,500 m3/day/mg/L
(1kg=1000mg)
SS in waste activated sludge = Q sludge x Concentration
SS sludge
2N2- + O2 2NO3-
Nitrobacter
These reactions are slow and require long retention times in aeration
tank as well as suffient DO.
Phosphorus Removal
Phosphate may be removed chemically and biologically.
Mostly chemical method using lime Ca(OH)2 and alum Al2(SO4)3.
Under alkaline conditions, the calcium ion will combine with
phosphate to form calcium hydroxyapatite, a white insoluble
precipitate that is settled out and removed from the wastewater.
Insoluble CaCO3 is also formed and removed and may be recycled
by burning in a furnace.
CaCO3 CO2 + CaO
heat
Quicklime, CaO is then slaked by adding water and forming lime,
that may be reused.
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Biological processes
Over the past 20 years, several biological suspended growth process
configurations have been used to accomplish biological phosphorous
removal. The most important are shown in the following picture.
The principal advantages of biological phosphorous removal are
reduced chemical costs and less sludge production as compared to
chemical precipitation.
In the biological removal of phosphorous, the phosphorous in the
influent wastewater is incorporated into cell biomass, which is
subsequently removed from the process as a result of sludge wasting.
The reactor configuration provides the P accumulating organisms
(PAO) with a competitive advantage over other bacteria. So PAO are
encouraged to grow and consume phosphorous. The reactor
configuration in comprised of an anaerobic tank and an activated
sludge activated tank. The retention time in the anaerobic tank is
about 0.50 to 1.00 hours and its contents are mixed to provide
contact with the return activated sludge and influent wastewater.
BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
In the anaerobic zone: Under anaerobic conditions, PAO assimilate
fermentation products (i.e. volatile fatty acids) into storage products within
the cells with the concomitant release of phosphorous from stored
polyphosphates. Acetate is produced by fermentation of bsCOD, which is
dissolved degradable organic material that can be easily assimilated by the
biomass. Using energy available from stored polyphosphates, the PAO
assimilate acetate and produce intracellular polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
storage products. Concurrent with the acetate uptake is the release of
orthophosphates, as well asmagnesium, potassium, calcium cations. The
PHB content in the PAO increases as the polyphosphate decreases.
In the aerobic zone: energy is produced by the oxidation of storage
products and polyphosphate storage within the cell increases. Stored PHB is
metabolized, providing energy from oxidation and carbon for new cell
growth. Some glycogen is produced from PHB metabolism. The energy
released from PHB oxidation is used to form polyphosphate bonds in cell
storage. The soluble orthophosphate is removed from solution and
incorporated into polyphosphates within the bacterial cell. PHB utilisation
also enhances cell growth and this new biomass with high polyphosphate
storage accounts for phosphorous removal. As a portion of the biomass is
wasted, the stored phosphorous is removed from the biotreatment reactor
Reverse Osmosis Basics
Osmosis:
Osmosis is a natural phenomenon that provides water to all animal and vegetable
cells to support life
Water moves from a high concentration of water (less sugar/salt dissolved in it) to
a low concentration of water (more salt/sugar dissolved in it) across a semi-
permeable membrane
This means that water can cross a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute
solution (less dissolved in it) to a concentrated solution (more dissolved in it)
Osmosis: What is it?
Reference: //ehrig-privat.de
101
/35
The basic processes for sludge
treatment is shown in figure:
Sludge handling processes
1. Thickening
2. Stabilization
3. Conditioning
4. Dewatering
5. Drying
6. Disposal
103
/35
1.Thickening
Reduces moisture content
of
sludge
Three types of thickening
Gravity thickening
Air floatation
Centrifugation
2. Stabilization
Objectives
Reduce pathogens
Eliminate offensive odors
Reduce potential for putrefaction
Production of usable gas (methane).
Mechanisms
oBiological reduction of volatile content
oApplication of heat to disinfect sludge
105/35
Methods of stabilization
Alkaline stabilization :
. lime is added to untreated sludge , to raise the PH to 12
or higher .
. Retards microbial reaction .
. Materials such as cement kiln dust ,fly ash are used
instead of lime .
Anaerobic digestion
107/35
Aerobic digestion
Organic part decomposes in presence of
oxygen by micro organisms .
Mostly used in plants with average flow less than
5 MGD .
Bacteria converts organic matter into carbon
dioxide .
108/35
3.Conditioning
In this process sludge solids are treated with chemicals
or other means to prepare sludge for dewatering.
It improves the drainability of digested
sludge. Sludge becomes more amenable to dewatering.
It can be achieved by various methods such as
elutriation, chemical conditioning, heat treatment,
freezing etc.
109/35
4. Dewatering
A physical unit operation used to reduce the moisture
content of sludge
Difficulty due to fact that particles are very fine, colloidal
in nature and possess a gel-like structure due to
polymeric flocculation
Compared to thermal (evaporative processes) for water
reduction, mechanical dewatering is often selected due
to its low energy requirement3
110/35
Methods of dewatering
1. Centrifugation for separating liquids of different densities,
thickening slurries .
111/35
2. Belt filter press- Uses principle of gravity drainage and
mechanically applied pressure.
112/35
5. Drying
Reduces water content
Temp @ 350oC
Process carried out in kiln.
Dried sludge used as soil
conditioner
6. Disposal of Digested Sludge
Spreading on farm land
Dumping ( in abandoned
quarries)
Land filling ( Sanitary)
Sludge lagooning
Composting
Disposing in Inland water
bodies or Sea.
SUMMARY
Functions of Water Treatment Units
Unit Treatment Function (Removal)
Screening Floating matter
Sedimentation Suspended matter
Coagulation Suspended matter, a part of colloidal matter
and bacteria
Chemical methods Iron, Manganese, etc.
Filtration Remaining colloidal dissolved matter,
bacteria
Disinfection Pathogenic bacteria, Organic matter and
Reducing substances
Softening Hardness
Aeration, chemicals use Colour, Odour, Taste
I E
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F F
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N N
T T
Thank
You