Heat Transfer

REFERENCES
1. Kern, D.Q., Process Heat Transfer,
International Student Edition, McGraw Hill
Kogakusha, Ltd., New York.
2. Holman, J.P., Heat Transfer, sixth edition,
McGraw Hill, Ltd., New York, 1986.
3. Mikheyev, M., Fundamentals of Heat
Transfer, John Willey & Sons Inc., New York,
1986.
4. Incopera De Witt, Fundamentals of Heat
Transfer, John Willey & Sons Inc., New York,
1981.
5. Ozisik, Heat Transfer, a basic approach,
1984.
6. McAdams, W.H., Heat Transmision, 3rd
edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc.,
COURSE SUBJECTS
1. Basics of Heat Transfer (Conduction,
Convection, Radiation).
2. Application of Heat Transfer in Industries

Supporting courses of heat transfer:

Ordinary/Partial Differential Equations.
Fluid Mechanics
Concept of Thermodynamic Heat Balance
 What is Heat?
Heat is the total internal kinetic energy due to
molecular motion in an object
The SI unit is the joule (J), which is equal to Newton-
metre (Nm).
Historically, heat was measured in terms of the
ability to raise the temperature of water.
The calorie (cal): amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gramme of water by 1 C 0 (from
14.50C to 15.50C)
In industry, the British thermal unit (Btu) is still used:
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
lb of water by 1 F0 (from 630F to 640F)
 Conversion between
different
units of heat:

1 J = 0.2388 cal = 0.239x10-3 kcal =

60.189 BTU

1 cal = 4.186 J = 3.969 x 10-3 BTU

 Heat Vs Temperature
Heat energy depends on mass.
Temperature is independent of mass.
2 litres of boiling water has more heat
energy than 1 litre of boiling water
Temperature is not energy, but a measure of it
Heat is energy

When heat (ie energy) goes into a

substance,
one of two things can happen:
1. Temperature goes up
2. Change of state
Definisi :

The study of the rate of heat

transfer between
materials/objects due to the
difference in temperature (hot
and cold)
A temperature difference is necessary for a heat
transfer process to take place .
Heat is transferred from the hot bodies to cold
bodies
 USES OF HEAT TRANSFER
To design heat exchanger equipments.
To calculate the requirement of heating/cooling
media on a reboiler or kondensor in the
distillation column.
To calculate radiation of furnace
To design a boiler.
To design vaporize equipment (evaporator).
To design chemical reactor
Exothermic require cooling media
Endothermic require heating media
MECHANISM OF HEAT TRANSFER

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
1. CONDUCTION
Is the process heat transfer if heat flows from high temperature to
where temperatures are lower, with fixed heat conducting medium

Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy through a

substance , or between substances in contact, by the collision of
particles.
Conduction occurs in solids and liquids.

Expressed by Fourie
r Law qk
dT dT

k

q k k A atau
dx
dx A
 Conduction

HOT COLD
(lots of vibration) (not much vibration)

Heat travels
along the rod

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 Conduction
Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred
directly through a material, any bulk motion of the
material playing no role in the transfer.
Those materials that conduct heat well are called
thermal conductors, while those that conduct heat poorly
are known as thermal insulators.
Most metals are excellent thermal conductors, while
wood, glass, and most plastics are common thermal
insulators.
The free electrons in metals are responsible for the
excellent thermal conductivity of metals.
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 Conduction: Fouriers Law
Cross-sectional area A

q = heat transferred
q =kA ( )t
T
L
k = thermal conductivity
A = cross sectional area
T = temperature difference
between two ends
What is the unit of k? L = length
t = duration of13 heat transfer
 Thermal Conductivities
Substance Thermal Substance Thermal
Conductivity Conductivity
k [W/m.K] k [W/m.K]

Syrofoam 0.010 Glass 0.80

Air 0.026 Concrete 1.1

Wool 0.040 Iron 79

Wood 0.15 Aluminum 240

Body fat 0.20 Silver 420
Water 0.60 Diamond 2450
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Contoh perpindahan panas
konduksi

Perpindahan panas konduksi pada bahan dengan ketebalan

berbeda, mana yang lebih lama naik suhunya ?
Perpindahan panas konduksi pada bahan dengan panjang
berbeda, mana yang lebih lama panasnya ?
Perpindahan panas konduksi pada bahan dengan suhu
berbeda, mana yang lebih cepat konduksinya ?
 Conduction through Single Wall
Use Fouriers Law:

T
Q =kA ( )
T
L
. .
Q Q

T T1 . k A (T1 T2)
Q =
x x
x

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 Conduction through Single Wall

T
. k A (T1 T2)
Q =
x
. .
Q Q
T1 T2
=
T T1 x/(kA)
x
x
Thermal resistance (in K/W)
(opposing heat
19
flow) 19
Conduction through Composite Wall
T A B C
. T .
Q T Q

kA kB kC T
x
xA xB xC
. T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4
Q = = =
(x/kA)A (x/kA)B (x/kA)C
20 20
Conduction through Composite Wall
. T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4
Q = = =
(x/kA)A (x/kA)B (x/kA)C

.
[
Q (x/kA)A + (x/kA)B + (x/kA)C ]
= T1 T2 + T2 T3 + T3 T4

. T1 T4
Q=
(x/kA)A + (x/kA)B + (x/kA)C
21

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 Example 1
An industrial furnace wall is constructed of 21 cm thick
fireclay brick having k = 1.04 W/m.K. This is covered on
the outer surface with 3 cm layer of insulating material
having k = 0.07 W/m.K. The innermost surface is at 1000oC
and the outermost surface is at 40oC. Calculate the steady
state heat transfer per area.

Solution: We start with the equation

. Tin Tout
Q=
(x/kA)fireclay + (x/kA)insulation

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 Example 1 continued

. (1273.15 313.15) A
Q =
(0.21/1.04) + (0.03/0.07)

.
Q
= 1522.6 W/m2
A

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 Example 2
We want to reduce the heat loss in Example 1 to 960 W/m2.
What should be the insulation thickness?

Solution: We start with the equation

. Tin Tout
Q=
(x/kA)fireclay + (x/kA)insulation
.
Q (1000 40)
= = 960 W/m2

A (0.21/1.04) + (x)insulation /0.07)

(x)insulation = 5.6 cm
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Conduction through hollow-cylinder

ro
Ti ri

To
L

. Ti To
Q =
[ln(ro/ri)] / 2kL
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 Conduction through the composite
r3
wall in a hollow-cylinder
r2 To
Material A
Ti r1
Material B

. Ti To
Q =
[ln(r2/r1)] / 2kAL + [ln(r3/r2)] / 2kBL
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 Example 3
A thick walled tube of stainless steel ( k = 19 W/m.K) with
2-cm inner diameter and 4-cm outer diameter is covered
with a 3-cm layer of asbestos insulation (k = 0.2 W/m.K).
If the inside-wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at
600oC and the outside of the insulation at 100oC, calculate
the heat loss per meter of length.

Solution: We start with the equation

. Ti To
Q =
[ln(r2/r1)] / 2kAL + [ln(r3/r2)] / 2kBL
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 Example 3 continued

. 2 L ( 600 100)
Q =
[ln(2/1)] / 19 + [ln(5/2)] / 0.2

.
Q = 680 W/m
L

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