Digital I/O

Transistors and Mosfets

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 Bipolar Transistors used as Switches

NPN Collector PNP Emitter

Base Base

Emitter Collector

How do we get them turned on?

Forward bias the Base:Emitter Junction
Supply current
How much current?
1/10th as much as the Collector:Emitter current
How do we know if we have been successful?
Vce will drop to about 0.2V
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 Bipolar Transistors used as Switches

How do we get them turned on?

How do we know if we have been successful?

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 MOSFET Transistors used as Switches

N-Channel Drain P-Channel Drain

Gate Gate

Source Source

How do we get them turned on?

|VGS| > Threshold N-Channel: G > S, P-Channel G < S

How do we know if we have been successful?

RDS will drop to a low value

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 MOSFET Transistors used as Switches

How do we get them turned on?

How do we know if we have been successful?

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 What is CMOS ?
Complementary MOS
N-Channel and P-Channel used in Pairs

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 What is CMOS ?

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 Digital Inputs

Logic Levels
0 1

Voltage Levels
< Low Threshold > High Threshold

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 What Are the Voltage Levels?
That Depends on
the type of logic...

Transistor Transistor Logic

High-speed CMOS

High-speed CMOS, TTL input

Original CMOS

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 How is the Voltage Specified?

R ecom m ended O p e r a tin g C o n d itio n s

DM 54LS00 DM 74LS00
Sym bol P a ra m e te r U n its
M in Nom M ax M in Nom M ax
VC C S u p p ly V o lta g e 4 .5 5 5 .5 4 .7 5 5 5 .2 5 V
V IH H ig h L e v e l In p u t V o lta g e 2 2 V
V IL L o w L e v e l In p u t V o lta g e 0 .7 0 .8 V
IO H H ig h L e v e l O u tp u t C u r r e n t -0 .4 - 0 .4 m A
IO L L o w L e v e lO u tp u t C u rre n t 4 8 m A
TA F r e e A ir O p e r a t in g T e m p e r a tu r e - 55 125 0 70 C

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 It takes
Voltage and Current
to make a device work
E le c tr ic a l C h a r a c te r is t ic s o v e r r e c o m m e n d e d o p e r a t in g fr e e a ir t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e ( u n le s s o t h e r w is e n o t e d )
Typ
Sym bol P a ra m e te r C o n d it io n s M in (N o te 1 ) M ax U n its

V I In p u t C la m p V o lta g e V C C = M i n , II = - 1 8 m A - 1 .5 V
V OH H ig h L e v e lO u tp u t V C C = M i n , IO H = M a x , DM 54 2 .5 3 .4 V
V o lta g e V IL = M a x DM 74 2 .7 3 .4
V OL L o w L e v e l O u tp u t V C C = M in , IO L = M a x , DM 54 0 .2 5 0 .4
V o lta g e V IH = M i n DM 74 0 .3 5 0 .5 V
IO L = 4 m A , V C C = M in DM 74 0 .2 5 0 .4
I I In p u t C u rre n t @ M ax V CC = M a x,VI = 7 V
In p u t V o lta g e 0 .1 m A

I IH H ig h L e v e lIn p u t C u r r e n t V C C = M a x ,VI = 2 .7 V 20 A
I IL L o w L e v e l In p u t C u r re n t V C C = M a x ,VI = 0 .4 V - 0 .3 6 m A
I OS S h o r t C ir c u it V CC = M ax DM 54 - 20 - 100 m A
O u tp u t C u rre n t (N o te 2 ) DM 74 - 20 - 100
I CCH S u p p ly C u r r e n t w it h VCC = M ax
0 .8 1 .6 m A
O u tp u ts H ig h
I CCL S u p p ly C u r r e n t w it h VCC = M ax 2 .4 4 .4 m A
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u tp u ts L o w
 Inter-
Connecting

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 Digital Logic Bipolar TTL Output

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 Digital Logic Open Collector Output

VCC

6 k 3 .4 k 1 .6 k

In p u t A

O u tp u t Y
100

1 k

GND

R e s is t o r v a l u e s s h o w n a r e n o m i n a l .

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 Digital Logic CMOS Totem Pole

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 Sizing a pull-up Resistor: Max & Min.
+5V

R1
???

U2A

1 2

74HC04

U1A U2B
1 2 3 4

74HC05

U2C

5 6

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 74HC04

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 74HC04

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 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Not so Useful

Quite Useful

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 Absolute Maximum Ratings

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 HIGH

Logic Levels
VOH
and High-State
DC Noise Margin
VIH
Noise Margins
ABNORMAL

VIL
Low-State
DC Noise Margin
VOL
LOW

time

For TTL For CMOS @Vcc=5V

VOL=0.4V VOL=0.5V
VIL=0.8V VIL=1.5V
VIH=2.0V VIH=3.5V
VOH=2.4V VOH=4.5V
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 What about Slowly Changing Inputs?

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 How do you get Hysterisis ?

1) Schmitt Trigger inputs

5V

2) Comparator with Hysterisis

R1 R p u llu p

V in LM 339 Vout

R2 R3

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 74HC14

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 Power Outputs The Darlington

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 DS3658

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 DS3658

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 ULN2003A
(1 of 7 per package)

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 ULN2003A Specifications

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 Not all 7 at once !

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