LITERATURE

LITERATURE
From the Latin word littera
which means letter
The art of written work
Things made from letters
 LITERATURE
Most commonly refers to
works of the creative
imagination, including poetry,
drama, fiction, nonfiction,
journalism, and in some
instances, song.
 LITERATURE
Can also be classified according
to historical periods, genres, and
political influences.
A genre consists of artistic works
that fall within a certain theme:
examples of genre include
romance, mystery, crime,
fantasy, erotica, and adventure.
 HISTORY
One of the earliest known literary
works is the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Epic of Gilgamesh is a
Babylonian epic poem from stories
in the Sumerian language. This
epic deals with the themes of
heroism, friendship, loss and the
quest for eternal life.
Tablet V of the Epic of
Gilgamesh
 GENRE OF LITERATURE
Literary genre is a mode of
categories literature. The term
originates from French,
designated a proposed type or
class.
Currently, the four major genres
are fiction, poetry, essay and
drama.
2 MAJOR STRUCTURE

1.FICTION
2.NON-FICTION
 FICTION
Texts based on
imagination
A category that may include
fiction, poetry, and
drama
 FICTION
Alice in Wonderland by Lewis
Carrol

Pride and Prejudice by Jane

Austen

Hamlet by William Shakespeare

 NON-FICTION
Texts based on factual
information
A category that may include
polemical works,
biography, and reflective
essays
 NON-FICTION
I Know Why the Caged Bird
Sings by Maya Angelou

The Story of My Life by Helen

Keller

Cleopatra: A Life by Stacy Schiff

 2 MAJOR FORM
1.PROSE
2.POETRY
 PROSE
is a form of language that has
no formal metrical structure.
Applies ordinary grammatical
structure and the natural flow
of speech.
 PROSE
Whether I shall turn out to be
the hero of my own life, or
whether that station will be
held by anybody else, these
pages must show.
David Copperfield Charles
Dickens
 POETRY
is a form of literary art which
uses aesthetic and rhythmic
qualities of language.
It is taken from the Greek
poiesis meaning making
 POETRY
Emphasizes the aesthetic and
rhythmic qualities of
language such as: Sound,
symbolism, and metre to
evoke meanings in addition
to, or in place of, ordinary
meanings
 POETRY
In Another Time
By Francis J Grasso
In another time,
could you have loved me, too...
In another time,
would your heart have been as true...
Another time,
with us alone...
Another time
For us to be...
Time,
stolen from the future...
Time,
to relieve the mystery.
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
Prosody
Rhythm
Meter
Metrical patterns
Rhyme, alliteration, assonance
Rhyming schemes
Form
Lines and stanzas
Visual presentation
Diction
 PROSODY
Study of meter, rhythm, and intonation of
a poem. Meter and rhythm are different
although they are closely related.
Rhythm is actual sound that results from a
line of poetry, while meter is the definitive
pattern established for a verse.
However, prosody may also be used more
specifically to refer to the scanning of
poetic lines to show meter.
 PROSODY
To My Dear and Loving Husband
by Anne Bradstreet

If ever two were one, then surely we.

If ever man were loved by wife, then
thee;
If ever wife was happy in a man,
Compare with me, ye women, if you
can.
I prize thy love more than whole
mines of gold
 RHYTHM
Established because a language is
set by an accent and syllables,
though it is influenced by multiple
approaches.
Generally, metrical rhythm involves
precise arrangements of stresses or
syllables into repeated patterns
called feet within a line.
 RHYTHM
Romeo Juliet
by Shakespeare

Two households, both alike in dignity,

In fair Verona, where we lay our scene,
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life;

The stressed syllables are expressed in bold.

 METER
Is basically grouped according to
a characteristic metrical foot and
the number of feet per line.
The number of metrical feet in a
line is described using Greek
terminology: tetrameter for four
feet and hexameter for six feet.
 METER
Twelfth Night
by William Shakespeare

If music be the food of love, play on;

Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting,
The appetite may sicken, and so die.
That strain again! it had a dying fall:
O, it came oer my ear like the sweet sound,
That breathes upon a bank of violets,

The stressed syllables are expressed in bold.

 RHYME, ALLITERATION,
ASSONANCE
They are ways of creating repetitive
patterns of sound that carry a
meaning.
They are also used as an
independent structural element in a
poem, to reinforce rhythmic patterns,
or as an ornamental element.
 RHYME
RHYME correspondence of sound between
words or the endings of words, especially when
these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.

Baa baa black sheep, have you any wool?

Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full!
One for the master, one for the dame,
And one for the little boy who lives down the
lane.
 ALLITERATION
ALLITERATION the occurrence of the
same letter or sound at the beginning of
adjacent or closely connected words.
 ALLITERATION
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
From forth the fatal loins of these
two foes;
A pair of star-crossd lovers take their
life.

This is an example of alliteration with the f

and l. in words forth, fatal, foes and loins,
lovers, and life.
 ASSONANCE
ASSONANCE the repetition of the
sound of a vowel or diphthong in non
rhyming stressed syllables near enough to
each other for the echo to be discernible

Poetry is old, ancient, goes back far. It is among

the oldest of living things. So old it is that no man
knows how and why the first poems came. --
Early Moon by Carl Sandburg
RHYMING SCHEMES
Poets use rhyme in set patterns as a
structural element for specific poetic
forms, such as ballads, sonnets and
rhyming couplets.
 RHYMING SCHEMES
Twinkle Twinkle Little Star by Jane Taylor

Twinkle, twinkle, little star, (A)

How I wonder what you are. (A)
Up above the world so high, (B)
Like a diamond in the sky. (B)

The following example uses AABB rhyme scheme. Here,

the first line ends in a word star that rhymes with
ending word of the second line, which is are. Since both
rhyme with each other, they are signified with letter A.
 FORM
Modern poets avoid recognizable
structures or forms, and write in free
verse.
Among major structural elements used in
poetry are the line, the stanza or verse
paragraph, larger combination of stanzas
such a cantos.
These basic units of poetic form are often
combined into larger structures, called
poetic forms or poetic modes, as in the
sonnet or haiku.
 LINES AND STANZAS
LINES on a page often separate Poetry. These lines
are emphasizing rhyming pattern at the ends. These
lines serve other functions, particularly where the
poem is not written in a formal metrical pattern. It
can separate, compare or contrast thoughts
expressed in different units, or can highlight a
change in tone.

STANZAS are organized by lines of poems, which

are dominated by its number. Thus a collection of
two lines is a couplet, three lines a triplet, four lines
is a quatrain.
 VISUAL PRESENTATION
Poets gained greater control of the mass-
produced visual presentations of their work
on the advent of printing. Visual elements
have become important part of their toolbox
and many of them sought to use visual
presentation for a wide range purposes.
The visual appearance of poetry often added
meaning or depth. Acrostic poems conveyed
meanings in the initial letters of lines or in
letters at other specific places in a poem.
 DICTION
Poetic diction treats the manner in which
language is used, and refers not only the
sound but also to the underlying meanings
and its interaction with sound and form.
Simile and metaphor are rhetorical devices
in poetic diction, as well as tones of voice,
such as irony.
 DICTION
Keats in his Ode to the Grecian Urn uses formal diction to
achieve a certain effect. He goes:

Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard

Are sweeter: therefore, ye soft pipes, play on
Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed
Your leaves, nor ever bid the spring adieu.
Notice the use of formal ye instead of informal you. The
formality here is due to the respect the urn inspires in Keats.
It is more formal to use adieu than to say goodbye.
 FORMS OF POETRY
Sonnet
Ode
Ghazal
 SONNET
Asonnetis a poetic form which originated
in Italy; The termsonnetis derived from
the Italian word sonetto.

a poem of fourteen lines using any of a

number of formal rhyme schemes, in
English typically having ten syllables per
line.
 SONNET
Visions by Francesco Petrarch

Being one day at my window all alone,

So manie strange things happened me to see,
As much as it grieveth me to thinke thereon.
At my right hand a hynde appeard to mee,
So faire as mote the greatest god delite;
Two eager dogs did her pursue in chace.
Of which the one was blacke, the other white:
With deadly force so in their cruell race

The rhyme scheme of Petrarchan sonnet has first eight

lines called octet that rhymes as abba abba.
 ODE
is a type of lyrical stanza. A classic odeis
structured in three major parts: the
strophe, the antistrophe, and the epode.
Strophe is a pair of stanzas of alternating
form on which the structure of a give
poem is based, while antistrophe has the
nature of a reply and balances the effect
of the strophe. And the epode is consists
of a verse of iambic trimeter, followed by
a verse of iambic dimeter.
 ODE
Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley

Scatter, as from an unextinguishd hearth

Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawakend earth
The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

These lines are taken from Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe
Shelley. This presents an example of irregular ode that employs neither
three parts, nor four line stanzas like a Horatian ode. Nevertheless,
each stanza of ode is distinct from the other stanzas in rhyme scheme,
pattern and length.
 GHAZAL
a lyric poem with a fixed number of
verses and a repeated rhyme,
typically on the theme of love, and
normally set to music.

The Lovely Grow

The love in my heart
as time goes by lovely grow
the sound true sound true!
 GENRES
a) Narrative poetry
b) Epic poetry
c) Dramatic poetry
d) Satirical poetry
e) Lyric poetry
f) Elegy
g) Verse fable
h) Prose poetry
i) Speculative poetry
 NARRATIVE POETRY
is a form ofpoetrythat tells a story,
often making use of the voices of a
narrator and characters as well; the
entire story is usually written in
metered verse.Narrative poemsdo
not have to follow rhythmic patterns.
 EPIC POETRY
is a lengthy narrativepoem,
ordinarily concerning a serious
subject containing details of
heroic deeds and events
significant to a culture or nation.
 DRAMATIC POETRY
is a drama written in verse, and
it is either spoken or sung.
 SATIRICAL POETRY
is a genre of literature, and
sometimes graphic and
performing arts, in which vices,
follies, abuses, and shortcomings
are held up to ridicule, ideally with
the intent of shaming individuals,
corporations, government or
society itself, into improvement.
 LYRIC POETRY
is a comparatively short, non-narrative
poem in which a single speaker presents a
state of mind or an emotional state.
Lyric poetry retains some of the elements
of song which is said to be its origin: For
Greek writers the lyric was a song
accompanied by the lyre.
 ELEGY
a poem of serious reflection,
typically a lament for the
dead.
 VERSE FABLE
The word fable is derived from a Latin word
fibula which means a story that is a derivative of
a word fari which means to speak. Fable is a
literary device which can be defined as a concise
and brief story intended to provide amorallesson
at the end.
In literature, it is described as a didactic lesson
given through some sort of animal story. Inprose
andverse, a fable is described through plants,
animals, forces of nature and inanimate objects by
giving them human attributes wherein they
demonstrate amorallesson at the end.
 PROSE POETRY
is written likeprose, in paragraphs
rather than verse, but contains the
characteristics ofpoetry, such
aspoeticmeter, language play, and
a focus on images rather than
narrative, plot, and character. Meter
is the rhythm of apoem, including
syllables per line and which syllables
are emphasized.
 SPECULATIVE POETRY
is a genre ofpoetrythat focuses on
fantastic, science fictional and
mythological themes. It is also known
as science fictionpoetryor
fantasticpoetry. It is distinguished
from otherpoetic genres by being
categorized by its subject matter,
rather than by the poetry'sform.