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Military Decision Making Process

(MDMP)

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Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

References
FM 5-0 Army Planning and Orders
Production, January 2005
FM 5-19 Composite Risk
Management, Aug 2006
FM 5-0.1 The Operations Process,
March 2006
FM 3-0 Operations, February 2008
FM 2-01.3 Intelligence Preparation
of the Battlefield, October 2009 2
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Learning Objectives
TLO: Apply the seven steps of the Military
Decision Making Process
ELO:
1. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
2. Receive The Mission
3. Analyze the mission
4. Develop Courses of Action
5. Analyze Courses of Action
6. Compare Courses of Action
7. Approve a Course of Action
8. Produce an Operations Order (OPORD)
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Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

INTELLIGENCE
IS
KEY

4
INTEGRATION
INTEGRATIONOF
OFTHE
THEIPB
IPBPROCESS
PROCESS

5
IPB
IPB and
andThe
The Operational
Operational Environment
Environment
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The Operational Environment can be defined as a


composite of the conditions, circumstances, and
influences that affect the employment of capabilities
and bear on the decision of the commander.
Operational Environment

Air Neutral Systems


Information
Environment
Space

Maritime Land
Friendly
Enemy
Adversary
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Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Operational
Operational Variables
Variables
PMESII-PT
PMESII-PT

Political
Military
Economic
Social
Information
Infrastructure
Physical Environment
Time
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Mission
Mission Variables
Variables METT-TC
METT-TC
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Mission
Enemy
Terrain and Weather
Troops and Support Available
Time Available
Civil Considerations

8
Civil
Civil Considerations
Considerations -- ASCOPE
ASCOPE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

9
Intelligence
Intelligence Preparation
Preparation Of
OfThe
The Battlefield
Battlefield
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IPB
A systematic, continuous
process of analyzing the threat
and environment in a specific
geographical area.
Designed to support staff
estimates and military decision
10
making.
Intelligence
Intelligence Preparation
Preparation Of
OfThe
The Battlefield
Battlefield
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

(In Plain English)

Operational
Environment
+Threat Doctrine
Possible Courses of 11
Intelligence
Intelligence Preparation
Preparation Of
OfThe
The Battlefield
Battlefield
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

DETERMINE DEFINE THE


THREAT COURSE OPERATIONAL
OF ACTION ENVIRONMENT

EVALUATE DESCRIBE
THE ENVIRONMENTAL
THREAT EFFECTS ON
OPERATIONS

12
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IPB:
IPB: STEP
STEPONE
ONE
Define
Define The
The Operational
Operational Environment
Environment

DETERMINE
THREAT
DEFINE
DEFINE THE
THE Focus
Focus
OPERATIONALE
COURSE OF OPERATIONALE
ACTION
NVIRONMENT
NVIRONMENT Requirements
Requirements
DESCRIBE Area
Area of
of Operations
Operations (AO)
(AO)
EVALUATE ENVIRONMENTAL Area
Area of
of Interest
Interest (AOI)
(AOI)
THE EFFECTS ON
THREAT OPERATIONS Battle
Battle Space
Space

13
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

DEFINE
DEFINE THE
THE OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
Identify significant characteristics of the
environment (general)
Identify the limits of AO and battle space

Establish AI

Evaluate existing data bases and identify


intelligence gaps

14
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IPB:
IPB: STEP
STEPONE
ONE
Five
Five Substeps
Substeps

15
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Substep
Substep 11 -- IDENTIFY
IDENTIFYSIGNIFICANT
SIGNIFICANT
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF OFTHE
THE
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
Military Aspects of the Terrain Military Aspects of Weather
Hydrological data. Visibility.
Elevation data. Wind.
Soil composition. Precipitation.
Vegetation. Cloud cover/ceiling.
Temperature.
Humidity.
Atmospheric pressure
(as required) 16
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Substep
Substep 22 -- IDENTIFY
IDENTIFYTHE
THE LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OFTHE
THE
COMMANDS
COMMANDS AREA AREAOF
OFOPERATIONS
OPERATIONS

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Substep
Substep 33 -- ESTABLISH
ESTABLISH THE
THE
Infantry LIMITS
LIMITS
Department: OF
OF
Inspire by Example

THE
THE AREA
AREAOF OFINFLUENCE
INFLUENCE (AI) (AI) AND AND THE THE
AREA
AREAOF OFINTEREST
INTEREST (AOI) (AOI)
The Area of Influence (AI) is :
A geographic area wherein a commander is directly capable of
influencing operations by maneuver or FS systems normally under
the commanders command and control (C2) (JP 12).
An area that includes terrain inside and outside the AO.
An area determined by both the G-2/S-2 and the G-3/S-3.
The Area of Interest (AOI) is:
An area of concern to the commander, including the area of
influence, areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory
to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area also
includes areas occupied by enemy forces that could jeopardize the
accomplishment of the mission (JP 2-03).
Established by the commander with input from G-2/S-2, G-3/S-3. METT-
TC/METT-T must be considered. 18
An area normally larger than the area of influence and may require more
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Area
Area of
of Influence,
Influence, AOI
AOI and
and AO
AO Spatial
Spatial
Relationship
Relationship

19
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Substep
Substep 44 -- EVALUATE
EVALUATE EXISTING
EXISTING
DATABASES
DATABASES AND AND IDENTIFY
IDENTIFY
INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE GAPS GAPS
The analyst should

Identify and prioritize the gaps in the current holdings, using the
commanders intelligence requirements and intent to set the
priorities.

Identify any gaps which cannot be filled within the time allowed
for IPB.

Discuss with the commander and the remainder of the staff the
gaps not expected to be filled and formulate reasonable
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assumptions to fill them.
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Substep
Substep 55 -- INITIATE
INITIATE COLLECTION
COLLECTION OF
OF
INFORMATION
INFORMATION REQUIREDREQUIRED TO
TO COMPLETE
COMPLETE
IPB
IPB
The intelligence officer should include collection against all
identified significant characteristics of the operational
environment (weather observations, geospatial intelligence
[GEOINT] updates), not just threat, in priority order and
continuously update the IPB products as additional information
is received.

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Infantry Department: Inspire by Example
IPB
IPB STEP
STEPTWO
TWO -- DESCRIBE
DESCRIBETHE THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS
EFFECTS ON ON OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
Focus
Focus Requirements
Requirements
Terrain
TerrainAnalysis
Analysis
OKAOC
OKAOC
DETERMINE
DEFINE THE
THREAT
OPERATIONAL Weather
COURSE OF
ENVIRONMENT WeatherAnalysis
Analysis
ACTION
Visibility
Visibility
DESCRIBE
DESCRIBE THE
THE
EVALUATE ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
Wind
Wind
EFFECTS
EFFECTS ON
ON
THE OPERATIONS
Precipitation
Precipitation
OPERATIONS
THREAT
Cloud
CloudCover
Cover
Temperature
Temperature& &Humidity
Humidity
22
TERRAIN
TERRAIN ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Computer-generated terrain applications and, to a limited extent, various


automated systems, offers 2- or 3dimensional terrain analysis
capabilities. The computer-generated terrain applications address but are
not limited to such factors as
Cross-country mobility.
Lines of communications (LOCs) (transportation, communications, and
power).
Vegetation type and distribution.
Surface drainage and configuration.
Surface materials.
Subsurface (bedrock) materials.
Obstacles.
Infrastructures.
Flood zones.

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MILITARY
MILITARYASPECTS
ASPECTS OF
OFTHE
THETERRAIN
TERRAIN
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC
Observation and Fields of
Fire
Avenues of Approach
Key Terrain
Obstacles
Cover and Concealment 24
OBSERVATION
OBSERVATION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC
Observation is the condition of
weather and terrain that
permits a force to see friendly,
enemy, and neutral personnel,
systems, and Intervisibility
key aspects of
Lines
the environment

Masked Terrain
(Dead Space)
25
FIELDS
FIELDS OF
OFFIRE
FIRE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC
Fields of fire is observation
limited to a specific linear
distance
Shoot vs. See
Direct and Indirect Fires

NOTE: Observation and fields of fire do not


always equate to each other. Always brief them in
terms of weapon ranges. 26
OBSERVATION AND
OBSERVATION AND FIELDS
FIELDS OF
OFFIRE
FIRE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC

Can Help Identify:

OPs
AAs
Defensible Terrain
Choke Points
Ambush Sites
EAs

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Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

MOBILITY
MOBILITY CORRIDORS
CORRIDORS OAKOC
MINIMUM
MINIMUM WIDTH
WIDTH
(FRIENDLY
(FRIENDLYAND
AND THREAT)
THREAT)

Division 6 km
Bde / Regt 3 km
Battalion 1.5 km
Company 0.5 km
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MOBILITY
MOBILITYCORRIDORS
CORRIDORS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC

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AVENUES
AVENUES OF
OFAPPROACH
APPROACH
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC
AAs are evaluated for suitability in terms of
Access to key terrain and adjacent
avenues.
Degree of canalization and ease of
movement.
Use of the military aspect of terrain
(OAKOC) in accordance with METT-TC
factors.
Sustainability (line of communication [LOC]
support).
Access to the objective
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AVENUES
AVENUES OF
OFAPPROACH
APPROACH
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC

AA
-2 X

XX
AA
-1

AAA
31
KEY
KEYTERRAIN
TERRAIN
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC

Key terrain is
any locality or
K
area whose
seizure,
retention, or
control affords
a marked
advantage to
May be designated Decisive Terrain
either 32
OBSTACLES
OBSTACLES
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC

Examples Include:
Natural
Natural Man-Made
Man-Made
Mountains
Mountains Built-up
Built-up Areas
Areas
Forests
Forests Tank
Tank Ditches
Ditches
Wetlands
Wetlands Concertina
Concertina
Rivers/Ponds
Rivers/Ponds Minefields
Minefields
Cliffs
Cliffs Railroad
Railroad 33
MODIFIED
MODIFIED COMBINED
COMBINED OBSTACLE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example
OBSTACLE
OVERLAY
OVERLAY(MCOO)
(MCOO)
OAKOC
Vegetation

Surface Drainage

Et cetera

34 MCOO
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example
MODIFED
MODIFED COMBINED
COMBINED OBSTACLES
OBSTACLES
OVERLAY
OVERLAY(MCOO)
(MCOO)
OAKOC
AA
-2

K
XX
AA
-1

AAA
35
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

MODIFIED
MODIFIED COMBINED
COMBINED OBSTACLE
OBSTACLE
OVERLAY
OVERLAY(MCOO)
(MCOO) SYMBOLOGY
SYMBOLOGY

Restricted Terrain Man Made Obstacle

Key Terrain

Severely Restricted
K
Terrain Water Obstacle
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TERRAIN
TERRAIN MOBILITY
MOBILITYCLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC

SEVERELY
SEVERELY RESTRICTED
RESTRICTED
RESTRICTED
RESTRICTED
UNRESTRICTED
UNRESTRICTED 37
SEVERELY
SEVERELYRESTRICTED
RESTRICTED TERRAIN
TERRAIN
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC

Severely hinders or slows


movement in combat formations
unless some effort is made to
enhance mobility
Does not imply that movement
through an area is impossible,
only that it is impractical

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RESTRICTED
RESTRICTED TERRAIN
TERRAIN
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC

Hinders movement to some


degree
Units may have difficulty
maintaining preferred speeds
Slows movement by requiring
zig-zagging or frequent
detours

39
UNRESTRICTED
UNRESTRICTED TERRAIN
TERRAIN
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC

Indicates terrain free of any


restriction to movement.
Nothing needs to be done to
enhance mobility.

40
COVER
COVER AND
AND CONCEALMENT
CONCEALMENT
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

OAKOC
Cover - Protection from bullets, fragments of
exploding rounds, flame, nuclear effects, and
biological and chemical agents
Concealment - Protection from observation
Methods for Determining:
Map Recon (Individual / Unit)
Ground or Air Recon (Unit)
Satellite Photos (Eng Topo Tm or S2)
Area Studies (Eng Topo Tm or S2)
LOS Analyses (TERRABASE 41 2)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

EVALUATE
EVALUATE THE
THE TERRAINS
TERRAINS EFFECT
EFFECT
ON
ON MILITARY
MILITARYOPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
Concentric Ring Technique

42
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

EVALUATE
EVALUATE THE
THE TERRAINS
TERRAINS EFFECT
EFFECT
ON
ON MILITARY
MILITARYOPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
Belt Technique
PL DOG PL CAT

BELT 1 BELT 2 BELT 3

43
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

EVALUATE
EVALUATE THE
THE TERRAINS
TERRAINS EFFECT
EFFECT
ON
ON MILITARY
MILITARYOPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
Avenue-In-Depth Technique

44
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

EVALUATE
EVALUATE THE
THE TERRAINS
TERRAINS EFFECT
EFFECT
ON
ON MILITARY
MILITARYOPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
Box Technique

45
WEATHER
WEATHER ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

MILITARY
MILITARYASPECTS
ASPECTS OF
OFWEATHER
WEATHERARE:
ARE:

I ON
TAT
VISIBILITY IP I
RE C
P
WIND CLOUD COVER

TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY 46


WEATHER
WEATHER ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Light Data
A major factor in evaluating visibility is the
amount of available light.
Date BMNT SR SS EENT MR MS % Illum
10 0600 0656 1719 2209 2209 1058 79
11 0602 0658 1720 2210 2219 1108 71

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WEATHER
WEATHER ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

PERIOD 270600LDEC to 010600LJAN


Impacted Clouds Precip Wind Visibility Temp
Items F E F E F E F E F E

ADA
Armor
Artillery
Aviation
E-O Sys
ENG
NBC
Personnel

Intel
No Impact Moderate Impact
Effectiveness 25-75%
Severe Impact
Effectiveness 48
0-25%
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IPB
IPB STEP
STEPTWO
TWO -- DESCRIBE
DESCRIBETHE
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS
EFFECTS ON
ON OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS
Areas.
Structures.
Capabilities.
Organizations.
People.
Events
IPB
IPB STEP
STEPTWO
TWO -- DESCRIBE
DESCRIBETHE
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS
EFFECTS ON
ON OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS
Areas.
Areas defined by political boundaries, such as
districts within a city or municipalities within a
region.
Locations of government centers.
Social, political, religious, or criminal enclaves.
Agricultural and mining regions.
Trade routes.
Possible sites for the temporary settlement50 of
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IPB
IPB STEP
STEPTWO
TWO -- DESCRIBE
DESCRIBETHE
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS
EFFECTS ON
ON OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS
Structures
High Pay-off Targets: Protected Sites: Practical for Military Purposes:

Bridges Churches Jails


Communications towers Mosques Warehouses
Power plants Temples Television broadcast facilities
Dams National libraries Radio stations
Hospitals Print plants
Clinics

51
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IPB
IPB STEP
STEPTWO
TWO -- DESCRIBE
DESCRIBETHE
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS
EFFECTS ON
ON OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS
Capabilities.
Public administration
Public safety
Emergency services
Food
Technology 52
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IPB
IPB STEP
STEPTWO
TWO -- DESCRIBE
DESCRIBETHE
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS
EFFECTS ON
ON OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS

Organizations
Indigenous Outside
Church groups Multinational Corporations
Fraternal organizations International Govt Organizations (IGO)
Patriotic or service organizations Other govt organizations (ex. CIA)
Labor unions Nongovernment Organizations (NGO)
Criminal organizations.
Community watch groups
53
IPB
IPBSTEP
STEPTWO
TWO -- DESCRIBE
DESCRIBETHETHE ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
EFFECTS ON
ON OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS
People.
Social structure.
Behavioral patterns.
Perceptions.
Religious beliefs.
Tribal relationships.
Behavioral taboos.
Centers of authority
Lifestyles.
Social history. 54
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IPB
IPB STEP
STEPTWO
TWO -- DESCRIBE
DESCRIBETHE
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS
EFFECTS ON
ON OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS
Events
National and religious holidays.
Agricultural crop or livestock
and market cycles.
Elections.
Civil disturbances.
Celebrations.
55
IPB:
IPB: STEP
STEPTHREE
THREE
Evaluate
Evaluate The
The Threat
Threat
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

DETERMINE
DEFINE THE
THREAT
OPERATIONAL
COURSE OF
ENVIRONMENT
ACTION

EVALUATE
EVALUATE DESCRIBE
THE
THE ENVIRONMENTAL
THREAT
THREAT EFFECTS
OPERATIONS

Think Red!! 57
UPDATE
UPDATEOR
OR CREATE
CREATETHREAT
THREATMODELS
MODELS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Threat templates

Description of preferred tactics

and options

Identification of High Value


58
THREAT
THREATCHARACTERISTIC
CHARACTERISTICANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

is intelligence on military
forces in the areas of...

Composition Communications
Training
Disposition
Operational Tactics
Intelligence Effectiveness

Logistics
Law
Personality Enforcement
Agencies 59
THREAT
THREATCHARACTERISTIC
CHARACTERISTICANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

National Finance
Agencies Support:
Local
Regional
International Recruitment
National
Organizations International
And Other Threats Popular
Nongovernmental
Organizations
Reach 60
THREAT
THREATTEMPLATES
TEMPLATES
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Examples include:
Insurgent Ambush
Terrorist Kidnapping
Operation
Offense
Defense
61
THREAT
THREATTEMPLATES
TEMPLATES
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Unconventional operations lend themselves to


graphic depiction, such as

The methodology and technique an insurgent force


will use to emplace and explode an IED along
convoy routes.
The methods used by a criminal organization to
gain money or financial backing (for example, bank
robbery, extortion).
Convoy procedures a drug trafficking ring will use to
transport large amounts of drugs, such as the
distance between vehicles, number of vehicles,
where security forces are placed, and how many are
62
in the convoy.
THREAT
THREATTEMPLATES
TEMPLATES
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The threat model includes a description of the threats preferred tactics.


A description is still needed even if the threats preferred tactics are
depicted in a graphic form. The description

Lists the options available to the threat should the operation fail or
succeed.
Prevents the threat model from becoming more than a snapshot in
time of the operation being depicted.
Aids in mentally wargaming the operation over its duration and during
the development of threat/adversary COAs and situation templates.
Addresses typical timelines and phases of operation, points where
units transition from one form of maneuver to the next, and how each
warfighting function contributes to the success of the operation.

63
THREAT
THREATTEMPLATES
TEMPLATES
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

64
EVALUATE
EVALUATE THE
THE THREAT
THREAT

Key Definitions
High-Payoff Target: Targets whose
loss to the threat Commander will
contribute to the success of the
friendly COA. We dont ID them
now.
High-Value Target: Assets that the
threat commander requires for the
successful completion of a specific
COA.
Grouped into one of 13 categories.
65
EVALUATE
EVALUATE THE
THE THREAT
THREAT
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Identify Threat Capabilities

Threat capabilities are COAs and supporting


operations which the threat can take to influence
accomplishing friendly missions. Define the
capabilities with the use of statements. The
following are examples of capability statements:

66
THREAT
THREATMODEL
MODEL

Assembly Description:
Area Movement begins as early as 1.5 hours after
order.
Movement along Previously Rehearsed
Routes.
Supported by Well-Planned and Coordinated
FS.
Lead Elements & Supporting Defenses fix
Friendly Forces with fires.
Main Body seeks Flanks of Friendly Forces.
Failure Options:
Fix Friendly Forces for Counterattack by
Reserve of Higher HQ.
Hasty Defense.

HVTs
Objective 1. BM-21
2. T-72
3. BMP-2 67
IPB:
IPB: STEP
STEPFOUR
FOUR
Determine
Determine Threat
Threat COAs
COAs

DETERMINE
DETERMINE
DEFINE THE
THREAT
THREAT
OPERATIONAL
COURSE
COURSE OF
OF
ENVIRONMENT
ACTION
ACTION

DESCRIBE
EVALUATE ENVIRONMENTAL
THE EFFECTS ON
THREAT OPERATIONS

69
SUBSTEP
SUBSTEP#1
#1 ID
ID Threats
Threats LikelyLikely Objectives
Objectives
and
and Desired Endstate
DesiredInfantry
Endstate
Department: Inspire by Example

At a minimum, the staff determines likely


objectives and desired endstate.

SUBSTEP
SUBSTEP#2
#2 ID
ID The
The Full
Full Set
Set of
of COAs
COAs
Available
Available to
to the
the Threat
Threat
The threat COAs that the threat believes are appropriate to the current situation and
the identification of the threats likely objectives. This requires an understanding of
the threats decision-making process as well as an appreciation for how the threat
perceives the current situation.
The threat COAs which could significantly influence your units mission; for example,
diverting combat power to cover increasing protection requirements.
The threat COAs that may go outside the boundaries of known threat doctrine or
TTP, especially if the known threat is an individual terrorist or a terrorist cell or
group.
The threat COAs indicated by recent activities and events. To avoid surprise from an
unanticipated COA, consider all possible explanations for the threats
70 activity in
terms of possible threat COAs.
SUBSTEP
SUBSTEP#2
#2 ID
ID The
The FullFull SetSet of of COAs
COAs
Available
Available to
to the
InfantryThreat
the Threat
Department: Inspire by Example

Consider the following factors when defining the general threat COAs
into specific threat COAs:
The threats intent or desired endstate
Likely attack or counterattack objectives
Effects of the operational environment on operations and COAs
Threat vulnerabilities or shortages in logistics or personnel
Location of main and supporting efforts
Current disposition of forces, groups, cells
Threat perception of friendly forces
Threat efforts to present an ambiguous situation or achieve surprise

Each threat COA you identify should meet the same criteria used for
friendly COAs except seen from the threats side:
Suitability
Feasibility
Acceptability
Distinguishability
Completeness
71
SUBSTEP
SUBSTEP#3
#3 Evaluate
Evaluate and
and Prioritize
Prioritize Each Each
COA
COAInfantry Department: Inspire by Example

To prioritize each COA, consider the following:


Analyze each COA to identify threat strengths, weaknesses, DPs, and any
potential COGs.
Evaluate how well each COA meets the criteria of suitability, feasibility,
acceptability, distinguishability, and completeness with threat doctrine, their
previous operation, and threat TTP.
Evaluate how well each COA takes advantage of the operational
environment. How does the operational environment encourage or discourage
selection of each COA?
Analyze the threats recent activity to determine if there are indications that
one COA has already been adopted.

72
SUBSTEP
SUBSTEP#4
#4 Develop
Develop Each
Each COA
COA
Each COA must answer the following six basic
questions:
Who
What
When
Capability.
Intent.
History.
Activity.
Target environment.
Personalities.
Where
How
Why

Each developed threat COA has three parts:


1. Situation templates.
2. Threat COAs and options.
3. HVTs. 73
SITUATION
SITUATION TEMPLATE
TEMPLATE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Depicts how the enemy might


deploy and operate within the
constraints

imposed by the weather and


terrain 74
SITUATION
SITUATION TEMPLATE
TEMPLATE DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
STEPS
STEPS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

1. Begin with the threat (conventional or asymmetric) representing the operation


under consideration.
2. Overlay the threat template on the products that depict the operational
environments effects on the operation. The product of choice is usually the
MCOO, but may vary with the situation.
3. Using analytical judgment and knowledge of threat TTP and doctrine, adjust the
dispositions depicted on the threat template to account for the operational
environments effects.
4. Check the situation templates to account for all the threats major assets and
functions, and that none of them has been inadvertently duplicated.
5. Ensure that the template reflects the main effort (conventional) or potential
multiple targets (asymmetric) identified for the COA. Compare depicted
dispositions to the threats known doctrine; check for consistency. Although the
threat might not always operate in accordance with their doctrine, consider the
threats desire to present an ambiguous situation and achieve surprise.

75
SITUATION
SITUATION TEMPLATE
TEMPLATE DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
STEPS
STEPS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

6. Include as much detail on the template as time and the situation warrant or
allow.
7. Ensure the template depicts the locations and activities of the HVTs listed in the
threat/adversary models.
8. Using the description of preferred tactics that accompanies the threat/adversary
template as a guide, think through the COAs scheme of maneuver. For
example, in the operational environment/battlespace environment, attempt to
visualize a terrorist element transitioning from collection, reconnaissance, and
preparation to the actual attack order (by times and phases) on the template.
9. Mentally wargame the scheme of maneuver or scheme of activities from
positions or locations depicted on the template through to the COAs success or
failure. Identify points where a threat/adversary force will transition from one
formation into another, potential assembly areas, and likely culminating point or
endstate. Follow up by identifying how each warfighting function fits in and
supports the operation.

76
SITUATION
SITUATION TEMPLATE
TEMPLATE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

(+)
(-)

(+)

(+) (-)

(+)

77
Determine
Determine Threat
Threat COA
COA
High Value Targets (HVT)
Prepare and mentally wargame the situation template.
Note how and where each warfighting function provides critical support to the threat COA.
This leads to identification of HVTs.
Use the list of HVTs in the threat model as a guide, but do not limit yourself to that list.
Determine the effect on the threat COA by destroying or eliminating each HVT and attempt to
identify likely threat responses. The relative worth of each HVT will vary with the specific
situation under consideration and over the course of the threat COA.
Identify the times or phases in the threat COA when the target is most valuable to the threat
commander and make the appropriate notations on the list of HVTs.
Transfer the refined and updated HVT list to the threat COA overlay. You will use the list to
support staff wargaming and the targeting process. Note on the threat COA overlay any
areas where HVTs must appear or be employed to make the threat operation successful.
Focus on their locations at the times they are most valuable, or just before. These are
potential TAIs and engagement areas. Cross-reference each potential TAI with the
description of the COA that accompanies the template.
Rely on staff experts for help with threat warfighting functions with which you are unfamiliar.
After developing each threat COA in detail, it may be necessary to reprioritize the order of
likely adoption. For example, as a particular threat COA is developed the analyst discovers
that a section of the terrain cannot totally support the adoption of the threat COA. This may
cause a change in the relative priority of the threat COAs because of78terrain constraints.
TIME
TIME PHASE
PHASE LINES
LINES
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Line used to Represent the Movement of Forces


or Flow of an Operation over time.
Based on Enemy Doctrinal Rates of Movement
Adjusted for Terrain, Weather, & Actual Combat
Movement
Assist in Tracking the Enemy and Directing
Collection Assets

79
TIME
TIME PHASE
PHASE LINES
LINES
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

80
Determine
Determine Threat
Threat COA
COA
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Narrative

This part of step 4 descirbes the activities of the forces


depicted on the situation template.
Narrative description or detailed synchronization matrix
Describe/depict activities of each unit, WFF, or
asymmetric activity in detail.
Address earliest time the COA can be executed
Address Timelines and Phases associated with the COA
Address decision (DPs) the threat commander will make
during the execution of the COA and afterwards

81
Determine
Determine Threat
Threat COA
COA

Narrative What Will Help You


Do It
Describe preferred tactics that accompany the threat
template.
As you mentally wargame the situation template, note when
and where you expect the threat to take certain actions or
make certain decisions.
Record each event into the description of the COA.
Where possible, tie each event or activity to TPLs, timelines,
or other specific geographical areas on the situation template.
This will help you later when constructing the event template.
As the threat force approaches DPs, record each decision
and its timelines into the COA description. The description
you develop forms the basis for the development of threat
branches and sequels should they be necessary to support
friendly planning.
Record any decision criteria that are associated82with each
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

SUBSTEP
SUBSTEP#5#5 Identify
Identify Initial
Initial Intelligence,
Intelligence, Surveillance,
Surveillance,
and
and Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance (ISR) (ISR) Requirements
Requirements

EVENT
EVENT TEMPLATE
TEMPLATE
Guide for ISR synchronization
Consists of :
Named Areas of Interest (NAIs)
Time Phase Lines (TPLs)
One event template covers all Threat
COAs
84
EVENT
EVENT TEMPLATE
TEMPLATE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Depicts locations where critical


events and activities are
expected to occur and where
critical targets will appear
Consists of :
Named Areas of Interest (NAIs)
Time Phase Lines (TPLs)
One event template covers all
Threat COAs 85
EVENT
EVENT TEMPLATE
TEMPLATE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Named Area of Interest (NAI)


A point or area usually along an
avenue of approach or mobility
corridor where activity, or lack of,
will help to confirm or deny a
Area NAIECOA.
particular 33
NAI 2 NA
NAI 7 I8
Air NAI 86 Point NAI
EVENT
EVENT TEMPLATE
TEMPLATE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

87
EVENT
EVENT MATRIX
MATRIX
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

88
DECISION
DECISION SUPPORT
SUPPORTTEMPLATE
TEMPLATE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

...is essentially the intelligence


estimate in graphic format. It DOES
NOT dictate decisions to the
commander.
Basically, A DST is a graphic record
of wargaming.

It DOES depict Named Areas of


Interest (NAIs) linked to
recommended Decision Points (DPs) 89
DECISION
DECISION SUPPORT
SUPPORTTEMPLATE
TEMPLATE
Target Area of Interest (TAI)
Area or point on the ground, or an
engagement area where
interdiction of enemy forces by
maneuver, fires, or jamming will
eliminate or reduce a particular
TAI 17
enemy capability.
TAI 22 TAI 14

Successful interdiction will cause


the enemy to abandon a particular
course of action, or require the use
90
DECISION
DECISION SUPPORT
SUPPORTTEMPLATE
TEMPLATE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Decision Points

Identifies those battlefield events


that may require tactical
decisions and when these CAS
decisions must be made for the TAI 22
commander to retain availableDP4
options.
Tied to a specific TAI.
Not necessarily a spot on the 91
Intelligence
Intelligence Preparation
Preparation Of
OfThe
The Battlefield
Battlefield
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

DETERMINE
THREAT DEFINE THE
COURSE OF OPERATIONAL
ACTION ENVIRONMENT

EVALUATE DESCRIBE THE


THE ENVIRONMENTAL
THREAT EFFECTS ON
OPERATIONS

92
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

FM 5-0, Jan 2005, ARMY


PLANNING AND ORDERS
PRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of
Planning
Chapter 2 Army Problem
Solving
Chapter 3 - The Military Decision
Making Process
Also Chapter 4 of FM 5-19, Aug 2006, Composite Risk Assessment
95

ROLES OF COMMANDER &


STAFF
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The commander is in charge of the military


decision-making process and decides what
procedures to use in each situation.
The commanders personal role is central: his
participation in the process provides focus and
guidance to the staff.
There are decisions that are the commanders
alone.
The less time available, the less experienced the
staff, or the less accessible the staff, generally the
greater the commander involvement.
The CofS or XO manages, coordinates, and
disciplines the staffs work and provides 96 quality
STAFF PROCEDURES & DECISION
MAKING
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

A military staff is a single, cohesive unit organized


to help the commander accomplish his mission &
execute his other responsibilities. The staff is an
extension of the commander, although the staff
has no command authority of itself, and is not in
the chain of command, the staff exists to serve
the commander and provides support to other
subordinate commands.

97
MILITARY DECISION-MAKING
PROCESS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Decisions are the means by which the


commander translates his vision of the
end state into action.
Decision-making is both science and
art.
The Military Decision-Making Process is
a tool that assists the commander and
staff in developing estimates and a
plan.

98
STAFF PROCEDURES &
DECISION MAKING
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

TIME SAVING TECHNIQUES (PG 3-59)


Commander increases involvement
Commander issues more directive guidance, limiting
options
Commander limits the number of COAs developed and
war-gamed
Maximize parallel planning -- the norm, however,
critical in a time-constrained environment

99
MILITARY DECISION MAKING
PROCESS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

An adaptation of the Armys analytical


Receipt of Mission approach to problem solving.
(Initial Assessment) A doctrinal approach to decision making
Mission Analysis that helps the commander and his staff
examine a battlefield situation and reach
COA Development logical decisions.
COA Analysis MDMP is a detailed, deliberate, sequential
(War-game) and time-consuming process used when
adequate planning time and sufficient staff
COA Comparison support are available to thoroughly
examine numerous friendly and enemy
COA Approval courses of action.
Orders Production MDMP is the foundation on which planning
in a time-constrained environment is based.
Composite Risk Analysis is100integrated
ACTIONS IN MDMP
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

RECEIPT
RECEIPTOF OFMISSION
MISSION
Issue
Issue Cdrs InitialGuidance
Cdrs Initial Guidance
Reinforces initial guidance to
Reinforces initial guidance to
subordinate
subordinatecommanders
commanders MISSION
MISSIONANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
WARNO
WARNO11
Receives
Receives feedbackon
feedback onWarno
Warno11 Approve
Approve RestatedMission
Restated Mission
State
State CommandersIntent
Commanders Intent
Reinforces guidance Approve Initial CCIR
Approve Initial CCIR
Reinforces guidance
Receives
Receivesfeedback
feedbackon
onWarno
Warno22 COA WARNO
WARNO22
COADEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
COA
COAANALYSIS
ANALYSIS(War-game)
(War-game)
Commanders COA
COACOMPARISON
COMPARISON Staff
Estimate COA
COAAPPROVAL
APPROVAL Estimates
Approve
ApproveCOA
(continual) Specify
COA
Specify Type ofOrder
Type of Order (continual
Specify Type of Rehearsal
Discusses approved COA w/
Discusses approved COA w/
subordinate
subordinatecommanders
Specify Type of Rehearsal ) 33
WARNO
WARNO
Receives commanders ORDERS
ORDERSPRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
Receives initialbackbrief
initial backbrief/ / Approve
feedback
feedbackon
onWarno
Warno33 ApproveOrder
Order
REHEARSAL
REHEARSAL
EXECUTION
EXECUTION&&ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT
101
MDMP Step 1
RECEIPT OF MISSION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

MDMP begins with the receipt or anticipation of a new


mission.
Purpose of this step is to plan the preparation.
Steps in receipt of mission are as follows . . .
Operations Section issues a warning order to staff alerting
them of the pending planning process.
Staff prepares for mission analysis by gathering the tools.
Commander and staff conduct a quick initial assessment.
Commander issues his initial guidance.
In regards to CRM, Commanders should consider if the higher
HQ WARNO provided any specific guidance on the level of risk
(Extremely High, High, Medium, or Low) that each subordinate
commander can accept. Paragraph 3d (coordinating
Instructions)
Headquarters issues a warning order to subordinate and
supporting units.
103
MDMP Step 1
RECEIPT OF MISSION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

MDMP Begins with Receipt or


Anticipation of New Mission
Issued in Two Ways
An Order from Higher HQs
Derived from an Ongoing Mission

RECEIPT
RECEIPTOF
OF
THE
THEMISSION
MISSION
INPUT OUTPUT
MSN RECEIVED FROM CDR'S INITIAL GUIDANCE
HIGHER HQ OR WARNO 1
DEDUCED BY THE
104
CDR/STAFF
MDMP Step 1
RECEIPT OF MISSION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Alert the Staff &


Gather the Tools
Alert the Staff: Who participates by
SOP?
Preparation includes gathering:
Higher HQs Order or Plan with Graphics
Maps of the Area of Operations
Both Own and Higher HQs SOPs
Appropriate FMs (especially FM 5-0 /
FMI 5-0.1)
Running Estimates 105
MDMP Step 1
RECEIPT OF MISSION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Verify Running Estimates


Running Estimates used to develop and
evaluate COAs by warfighting function/BOS
Current Status:
Personnel (S1)
Equipment (S4)
Intelligence Factors (templates, weather, terrain) (S2)
Recent Reports (S3)
Constantly update as new information
becomes available
Reporting must be pushed, not pulled
SOPs Developed, Practiced, and Enforced

106
MDMP Step 1
RECEIPT OF MISSION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Perform Initial

Assessment
Time available and Time required to plan at
all levels
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
(IPB)
Running Estimates Available
Environmental Conditions
Staff Experience and Current Status

CRITICAL PRODUCT - INITIAL ALLOCATION OF


TIME (Operational Timeline) 107
MDMP Step 1
RECEIPT OF MISSION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Perform Initial Assessment


(Time Management)
Time allocation must come early to
maximize its use
Rule of Thumb. 1/3 - 2/3 Rule
Allocate time by percentage for
planning:
Mission Analysis: 25%
COA Development: 25%
COA Analysis/Comparison/Decision:
40%
Orders Production: 10%
Time determines the detail that the Staff
can plan 108
MDMP Step 1
RECEIPT OF MISSION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Issue Initial Guidance


How to abbreviate the MDMP
Initial Operational Timeline
ID Coordination / LNOs to Dispatch
Authorized Movement
C2 Elements
ISR Elements
CO Recons
Additional Staff or Unit Tasks
Collaborative planning times / locations
Initial IR or CCIR (as required)

109
MDMP Step 1
RECEIPT OF MISSION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Issue Warning Order

#1
WARNO Facilitates Parallel Planning
The WARNO Must Include at a
Minimum:
The Type of Operation
The General Location of the Operation
The Initial Operational Timeline
Any Movements to Initiate
Collaborative Planning
Initial IR or CCIR
ISR Tasks
110
MDMP Step 1
RECEIPT OF THE MISSION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Critical product from Step 1:


Allocation of time (timeline).
Last step of Step 1:
Issue warning order to subordinate and
supporting units.

111
MDMP Step 2
MISSION ANALYSIS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Allows the commander to begin his battlefield


visualization.
The result is to define the tactical problem and
begin the process of determining feasible
solutions.
The commander conducts his own mission
analysis so that he has a frame of reference.
Anticipation and prior preparation are keys to a
timely mission analysis.
CRM is integrated into the 17 tasks of the mission
analysis process and remains a constant
consideration as staffs maintain running
estimates and assessments necessary for timely
mission analysis. 112
MDMP Step 2
MISSION ANALYSIS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

INPUT OUTPUT
MISSION RECD FROM HIGHER HQ's CDRS INITIAL GUIDANCE
OR DEDUCED BY THE CDR/STAFF. RECEIPT OF MISSION WARNING ORDER 1

INITIAL IPB PRODUCTS


RESTATED MISSION
CDRS INTENT & PLANNING GUIDANCE
HIGHER HQ's OPORD/PLAN
HIGHER HQs IPB
MISSION

INITIAL CCIR
UPDATED RUNNING ESTIMATES
RUNNING ESTIMATES
ANALYSIS

INITIAL ISR PLAN
PRELIMINARY MOVEMENT
WARNING ORDER 2
RESTATED MISSION
CDRS PLANNING GUIDANCE UPDATED RUNNING ESTIMATES
CDRS INTENT COA STATEMENTS & SKETCHES
UPDATED RUNNING ESTIMATES & COA DEVELOPMENT REFINED CO INTENT/PLANNING
GUIDANCE

WAR-GAME RESULTS
PRODUCTS TASK ORGANIZATION
INITIAL IPB & ENEMY COAS COA ANALYSIS MISSION TO SUBORDINATE UNITS
(WAR GAME) CCIR and EEFI
ENEMY COA DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATES
COA STATEMENT & SKETCHES
REFINED CDR INTENT & PLANNING COA COMPARISON DECISION MATRIX
GUIDANCE

WAR-GAME RESULTS
CRITERIA FOR COMPARISON APPROVED COA
REFINED CDRS INTENT
COA APPROVAL REFINED CCIR
DECISION MATRIX HIGH PAY-OFF TGT LIST

ORDERS PRODUCTION 113


OPLAN/OPORD
APPROVED COA
MISSION ANALYSIS
STEPS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

1. Analyze the higher headquarters' order. 12. Conduct a


mission analysis
2. Conduct initial IPB. briefing.
3. Determine specified, implied & 13. Approve the
essential tasks. restated mission.
4. Review available assets. 14. Develop the
5. Determine constraints. initial
commanders
6. Identify critical facts and assumptions. intent.
7. Conduct risk assessment. 15. Issue the
8. Determine initial CCIR. commanders
guidance.
9. Determine initial recon annex.
16. Issue a
10. Plan for available time. warning order.
11. Write the restated mission. 17. Review facts
& assumptions.
114
ANALYZE HIGHERS
SUB STEP 1

ORDER Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Must thoroughly analyze the higher headquarters order

Must seek clarification immediately if there is confusion


with the order to save time as the process continues
The following areas should be reviewed before beginning to
write supporting risk assessments.
Operational time line.
Missions of adjacent units.
Risk guidance from paragraph 3d (Coordinating Instructions),
subparagraph 3 (Risk Reduction Control Measures)

115
SUB STEP 2
INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION Of
The BATTLEFIELD Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Continuous process of analyzing the threat and the effects


of the environment on the unit
Parallel planning with the S2
Doctrinal templates and SITTEMPs produced
FM 2-01.3
CRM is integrated into the four steps of the IPB to assess
risk from all of the factors of METT-TC simultaneously.

116
SUB STEP 3
DETERMINE TASKS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

SPECIFIED TASKS: Those tasks specifically


assigned to a unit by its higher HQs:
Found in OPORD in:
Para 3b (Tasks To Maneuver Units)
Concept of the Operation in your units sub-unit tasks
Coordinating instructions paragraph
Its generally broad in scope and conveys the CDRs intent.
i.e., Secure Objective Alpha.

117
SUB STEP 3
DETERMINE TASKS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IMPLIED TASK: Implied tasks are tasks required to accomplish


the specified task or the mission. Normally, these are more detailed in
scope. They do not include:
- Routine or SOP-type tasks like, refuel vehicles, & navigate
- Nor does it include tasks which are inherent responsibilities of the
CDR. i.e, providing flank security.
ESSENTIAL TASK: Must be executed to make mission.- Linked
to the Decisive Operation. MUST BE IN THE MISSION
STATEMENT!!!
Risk assessments are prepared and coordinated to support the task

118
SUB STEP 3
TASKS THE LINK
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

SPECIFIED/ESSENTIAL TASKS
{FROM TASKS TO MANEUVER UNITS}
TF 2-21 AVN
(a) NLT H-72 conduct air insertion of LRSD Team 1, LRSD
Team 2, CI Team 1, and CI Team 2 IOT enable the JTF to
confirm HUMINT data on the meeting location of KLF
leadership, and to identify individuals in the local populace
that are friendly to coalition forces.
(b) NLT H 0+45 execute retransmission team from TF 3-
525 IN IOT facilitate ground communications in sector.
(c) At H -Hour air assault TF 3-525 IN to secure OBJ
HANNIBAL IOT detain KLF HVPs, disrupt KLF C2, and stop
the KLF recruiting efforts in the rural areas bordering NK.

119
SUB STEP 3
TASKS THE LINK
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

IMPLIED TASKS
TF 2-21 AVN
(a) Provide LNO to LRSD Team 1, LRSD Team 2, CI Team 1, and
CI Team 2 IOT synchronize timeline
(b) Verify pax and equipment requirements for Retransmission
Team IOT ensure proper number of aircraft available
(c) Provide LNO to 3-525 to synchronize pax and aircraft
requirements to include minimum force requirements for AASLT
onto OBJ Hannibal
(c) Deconflict airspace requirements and Engagement Areas with 1-
21 Attack.

120
SUB STEP 3
TASKS THE LINK
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

MISSION STATEMENT
At H -Hour TF 2-21 air assaults TF 3-
525 IN to secure OBJ HANNIBAL IOT
detain KLF HVPs, disrupt KLF C2, and
stop the KLF recruiting efforts in the
rural areas bordering NK.

121
REVIEW AVAILABLE
SUB STEP 4

ASSETS Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Additions and deletions from the current task


organization

Needed additional resources and / or assets

Identify all available assets (organic and attachments) and


what you have lost through detachments.

Are hazards created due to the insufficiency of manpower,


supplies, and/or units to accomplish the mission?

122
SUB STEP 4
REVIEW AVAILABLE ASSETS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Depict as a Task Organization


Show two levels down (BDECO, BNPLT, etc.)
Designate Command/Support Relationships
Show unit status (Personnel Strength, Equipment
Strength, etc.)
List any items that will affect the combat
readiness/effectiveness of any asset shown
List ALL joint and external Army assets that are
available
Also list other joint and external assets that MAY be
available for planning consideration

123
SUB STEP 4
REVIEW AVAILABLE ASSETS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

1-14 CAB (93%) B/54th EN (Attached) (98%)


HHC (1X 1/B/54th
A/1-14 IN (14xM2) 2/B/54th
1/A/1-14 AR 3/B/54th
2/A/1-14 AR 52nd FA (Paladin) (DS) (95%)
3/A/1-14 AR 1/A/4-3 AV (ATK)
B/1-14 IN (14xM2) (OPCON PH I&II)
1/B/1-14 AR Other Assets as per order:
2/B/1-14 AR - 2 Sorties CAS PH 1-3 (A-10)
3/B/1-14 AR Other Possible Assets:
C/1-14 AR (14XM1A1) - EA-6B non-lethal SEAD
1/C/1-14 AR - Predator UAV
2/C/1-14 AR - JSTARs available PH II
3/C/1-14 AR
- 19D MOS shortages at 50%

124
SUB STEP 4
AVAILABLE ASSETS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

1-14 CAB (93%) C/1-14 IN B/54th EN (Attached)


HHC 1-14 CAB (14xM1A2) (98%)
Scout PLT (3CFV, HQ/C/1-14
5HMMWV, 5LRAS3,
1/B/54th
(2xM1A2) (2xSEE /1XACE)
Raven 1/C/1-14 (4xM1A2)
Sniper SQD (3x.50 cal, 2/B/54th
3x7.62)
2/C/1-14 (4xM1A2)
(4xIFV/3xEN SQD/1xM9 ACE)
Mortar PLT (4x120mm, 3/C/1-14 (4xM1A2)
3/B/54th
1xFDC, 2xHMMWV
Medic PLT D/1-14 IN (14M1A2) (4xIFV/3xEN SQD/1xM9 ACE)
HQ D/1-14
A/1-14 IN (14xM2) (2xM1A2) 52nd FA (Paladin) (DS)
HQ/A/1-14 (2xM2) 1/D/1-14 (4xM1A2) 95%)
1/A/1-14 (4xM2) 2/D/1-14 (4xM1A2) 1/A/4-3 AV (ATK) (OPCON PH
2/A/1-14 (4xM2) 3/D/1-14 (4xM1A2) I&II)
3/A/1-14 (4xM2) Other Assets as per order:
E/1-14 CAB (FSC) - 2 Sorties CAS PH 1-3 (A-10)
(OPCON) Other Possible Assets:
B/1-14 IN (14xM2)
- EA-6B non-lethal SEAD
HQ/B/1-14 (2xM2)
- Predator UAV
1/B/1-14 (4xM2)
- JSTARs available PH II
2/B/1-14 (4xM2)
CRITICAL 125SHORTAGES
3/B/1-14 (4xM2)
-19D MOS shortages at 50%
DETERMINE
SUB STEP 5

CONSTRAINTS Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Placed on the unit by higher commander

Requirement - must do something

Prohibition - cant do something

126
SUB STEP 6
ID CRITICAL FACTS AND ASSUMPTIONS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

FACTS: Facts are known data such as


METT-TC, the mission, the intent, staff
projections and assessments of tangible or
intangible factors i,e., fatigue/ Class V
projections, etc.)
Has to pass the SO WHAT test!!!

127
SUB STEP 6
ID CRITICAL FACTS ANDASSUMPTIONS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

ASSUMPTIONS: The staff develops assumptions when facts


are not available. They replace necessary but mission or
unknown facts. i,e, the enemy will not use chemical weapons,
etc.
Must be valid (likely to be true), and necessary (required for
planning), or it should be discarded.
VALIDITY AND NECESSITY!!!
Risk assessments should be performed to determine if any
assumption could lead to the creation of a new hazard that
impacts on the risk level of the mission.

128
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

SUB STEP 7
CONDUCT RISK

ASSESSMENT
Tactical risk: Hazards that occur due to the enemy
being on the battlefield
- enemy action in area of assumed risk
- missed opportunity by friendly forces
Accident risk: Hazards that occur even if the enemy
is not on battlefield
- personnel training, equipment readiness
Appendix J
Page 3-20
129
SUB STEP 8
DETERMINE CCIR
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The Commander alone decides what information


is critical.
The Commanders decision is
based on:
His experience
The mission
The higher Commanders intent
Input from subordinate
commanders and staff
The staff nominates Information Requirements (IR) for the
Commander to select as his CCIR

130
COMMANDERS CRITICAL
INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS
(CCIR)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

1. Priority Intelligence
Requirements (PIR) - things the
commander must know about the
enemy.
Where is the location of 101st MIBR BAG?
Where / When will enemy commit their reserve?
Will Enemy executes chemical strike vicinity NK1234 ?

2. Friendly Forces Information


Requirements (FFIR) - things the
commander must know about his
own forces.
Weapon platforms fall below 80%
131
Loss of a patriot battery
COMMANDERS CRITICAL
INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS
(CCIR)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Essential Elements of Friendly


Information (EEFI) - things about
our own forces that we must
keep the enemy from knowing.
Does the enemy know location and response time of the
TCF
Does the enemy know location of the ASP, POL site..

EEFI ARE NOT CCIR!!!!

132
DETERMINE ISR
SUB STEP 9

PLAN Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Based off the initial IPB and CCIR

S2 identifies gaps in the intelligence and determines


reconnaissance plan and surveillance plan

S3 turns the plan into the Recon Annex

133
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

134
SUB STEP 10
UPDATE OPERATIONAL
TIME LINE Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

GOAL: allow maximum use of parallel planning.


Refine initial time line
Compare to enemys time line developed in IPB
Give times for briefings and orders
When, where and format for rehearsals.
From the hazard risk perspective, critical unit
movements and the risk level for the terrain and
weather conditions must be reviewed and assessed
to determine their potential impact on the mission.

136
SUB STEP 11
WRITE THE RESTATED
MISSION Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

S3 prepares the units restated mission based on


the mission analysis
- who
- what---Essential Tactical Tasks
- where
- when
- why---Purpose of Tactical Tasks
On-order vs. be-prepared

137 Page 3-23


SUB STEP 11
WRITE THE RESTATED
MISSION Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

4) WHAT = TASK = Tactical Tasks (oriented on):


Enemy Forces Terrain Friendly Forces
ATTACK BY SEIZE SCREEN
FIRE ISOLATE SECUR GUARD
PENETRATE
DISRUPT AMBUSH E COVER
DEFEAT BYPASS CLEAR WITHDRAW
DESTROY FIX OCCUP RETIRE
NEUTRALIZE
BLOCK SUPRESS
Y FOLLOW &
BREACH REDUCE RETAIN SUPPORT
CONTAIN COUNTER-RECON CONTR FOLLOW &
TURN
CANALIZE OL ASSUME
138
SUB STEP 11
WRITE THE RESTATED
MISSION Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

5) WHY = PURPOSE (In order to):


Allow Divert Open
Cause Enable Prevent
Create Envelop Support
Deceive Influence Surprise
Deny
TYPE OF OPERATION May be included to synchronize efforts of subordinate units
Attack Counterattack Defend
Move to Contact Retrograde Mobility
Countermobility Survivability River Crossing
Exploitation Breakout Security

139
EXAMPLE MISSION STATEMENT
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

WHO
At H -Hour TF 2-21 air assaults TF 3-
525 IN to secure OBJ HANNIBAL IOT
detain KLF HVPs, disrupt KLF C2, and
stop the KLF recruiting efforts in the
rural areas bordering NK.
WHY 140
SUB STEP 12
CONDUCT MISSION ANALYSIS
BRIEF
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Is not a unit readiness briefing


Follow the outline in FM 5-0
Use standardized charts to give commander a snap
shot of the unit
Given to the staff and the commander

141
SUB STEP 13
APPROVE RESTATED
MISSION Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Immediately after mission analysis briefing restated


mission can be:
Staffs recommended restated mission.
A modified version.
One developed by the commander.

Once approved by the CDR, this becomes the


units mission statement.
Commander makes the decision

Page 3-27
142
DEVELOP
SUB STEP 14 THE CDRS INITIAL
INTENT
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Commanders from company level up Purpose


prepare an intent statement.
Commanders intent is a clear concise
statement of what the force must do
to succeed with respect to the enemy Key Tasks
and the terrain and to the desired end
state.
Intent provides the link between the
mission and the concept of operation Endstate
by stating key tasks that, along with
the mission, are the basis for
subordinates to exercise initiative
when unanticipated opportunities 143
arise or when the original concept of
SUB STEP 14

Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Purpose Must be NESTED to


HIGHER (looks one to two levels
higher) Does not restate the why
of the mission statement.
Key Tasks They are not
regurgitated Specified Tasks. Not
tied to a specific COA
Endstate the units relationship
between friendly forces, enemy,
terrain, civilian population and future 144
EXAMPLE OF COMMANDERS INTENT
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Our purpose is to defeat the 104th Motorized Rifle


Division in our sector to prevent their penetration into
the Corps Rear Area which would overburden the
coalition with an overwhelming refugee crisis. Key
tasks include: First - win the counter-recon fight by
quickly and aggressively deploying our reconnaissance
assets forward of PL Dog. Second seize hilltops 45
and 49 and weight the main effort in the South initially
to force the enemy to the northwest. Third - commit the
reserve and concentrate fires into our Northern EA to
defeat the enemys second echelon. Anticipate the
overall risk to be moderate; however this situation may
change if the enemy reinforces within the next 24
hours. Throughout the operation, we will remain flexible
and reposition forces South should the enemy
145 shift his
SUB STEP 14

Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

23 AD Mission:
On D+2 2200ZXX, 23 AD attacks from
PL CREAM to PL EAGLES to destroy six
brigades from DTG 1 and DTG 2 IOT
enable 53 ID to move unhindered by
enemy forces from PL DOORS to PL
EAGLES. O/O 23AD conducts a FPOL
of 53 ID IOT enable them to
reestablish the International border
(PL GODSMACK). 146
SUB STEP 14

Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

23AD Division Commander's Intent: The


purpose of this operation is to reestablish the
International border between Knottica and
Sweetonia and expel all Sweetonian Army
Forces from Knottica. Key tasks are the rapid
transition from deployment to combat
operations; protection of deploying 23 AD units
up to C+30 and prior to offensive operations;
destruction of OSC forces defending the
avenues of approach between PL DOORS and PL
EAGLES; and rapid generation of combat power
for XXI Corps east of PL EAGLES thru FPOL of 53
ID. The endstate is measured when 23 AD
147
defending vic. PL EAGLES, 53 ID passed east,
SUB STEP 14

Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

2 BCT MISSION.
NLT C+14 2300ZXX, 2 BCT, 23 AD
conducts a RIP with 12th and 13th
BDEs of the Knottican Army and
defends along PL CREAM to defeat
offensive forces from DTG 1 IOT
prevent OSC WEST from disrupting 23
ADs deployment and RSOI. O/O
2BCT, 23 AD conducts a FPOL of
follow-on forces IOT enable the
reestablishment of the international
148
SUB STEP 14

Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

EXECUTION
2BCT Commander's Intent: The
purpose of this operation is the
destruction of Sweetonian forces that
influence AXIS AUSTRALIA and AXIS
BELIZE IOT minimize the enemys
ability to influence follow-on forces as
they continue XXI Corps attack east
to reestablish the international border
(PL GODSMACK).
149
SUB STEP 14

Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Key tasks:
Develop and execute an aggressive
ISR and counter reconnaissance plan
Synchronization of fires and effects to
maximize combat power.
Sustain the brigade during continuous
defensive operations
Isolate and remove influence of
insurgents and anti US/Coalition
civilians through an aggressive IO
campaign
Destroy two Sweetonian BTGs150from
SUB STEP 14

Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Endstate: 2BCT, 23 AD defending


vicinity PL CREAM, two Sweetonian
BTGs destroyed. 2BCT, 23 AD postured
to conduct FPOL and future combat
operations vicinity PL CREAM.

151
SUB STEP 15
ISSUE COMMANDERS GUIDANCE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

MINIMUM GUIDANCE
Informs staff what options he wants or does not want them
to look at (preliminary decisions).

Essential for timely COA development and analysis (available


time driving factor).

Focuses on essential tasks supporting mission


accomplishment.

Broad and general, allows staff flexibility.

CDR identifies decisive point(s).


Includes: CCIR, recon, risk, deception, FS, MOB/CMOB,
security, CSS, use of time.

152
ISSUE
SUB STEP 16
WARNING ORDER
#2 Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Get to subordinate units as quickly as possible


Approved Mission & Commander's Intent
Task Org Changes / Attachments &
Detachments
The Units AO (Sketch, Overlay or Description)
Approved CCIR & EEFI
Risk Guidance
ISR Instructions
Initial Movement Instructions
Security Measures
Deception Guidance
M/CM/S Guidance
The Operational Timeline & Specific Priorities
Guidance on Collaborative Planning &
Rehearsals
153
SUB STEP 17
REVIEW FACTS AND ASSUMPTIONS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Continuous process
Done by CDR and Staff throughout the rest of MDMP
(periodically).
New facts may alter analysis or requirements.
Assumptions may become Facts or Invalidated.
CDR/Staff assess the impacts of changes, make adjustments
to plan (issue additional warning orders).

154
MISSION ANALYSIS
PRODUCTS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO).


Situation Templates (SITTEMP).
Initial Event Template.
Specified, Implied, and Essential Tasks List.
Forces Available.
Constraints.
Facts and Assumptions.
Risk Assessment.
Initial Commanders Critical Information Requirements
(CCIR).
Initial Reconnaissance and Surveillance Plan (R&S).
Detailed Timeline.
Restated Mission.
Commanders Intent.
Commanders Guidance.
Warning Order (WARNO #2). 155
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

PRACTICAL
EXERCISE-4

Mission
Mission Analysis
Analysis MDMP
MDMP
STEPS
STEPS One
One and
and Two
Two 156
MDMP Step 3
COA DEVELOPMENT
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Commanders guidance and intent focus the staffs


creativity to produce a comprehensive, flexible plan within
the time constraints.
Commanders direct participation helps the staff get quick,
accurate answers to questions that occur during the
process.
In COA development, CRM continues to identify and assess
hazards but also begins to develop controls and make risk
decisions.
COAs must meet the criteria of . . .
Suitability - accomplishes the mission and complies with the
commanders guidance.
Feasibility - the unit has the capability to accomplish the
mission in terms of available time, space, and resources.
Acceptability - advantage gained by executing the COA
justifies the cost in resources, especially casualties.
Distinguishability - each COA must differ significantly
157 from
others.
COA DEVELOPMENT
STEPS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

1. Analyze Relative Combat


Power.
2. Generate Options.
3. Array Initial Forces.
4. Develop the Scheme of
Maneuver.
5. Assign Headquarters.
6. Prepare COA Statements and
Sketches.
158
ANALYZE
SUB STEP 1 RELATIVE COMBAT
POWER Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Effect created by combining the elements of combat power -


maneuver, firepower, protection, leadership and information -
in combat against the enemy
Usually studied two levels down, but Battalion and Brigade
may study individual personnel and weapons
This is not completely a mathematical analysis, very
subjective
FM 34-130 has the planning factors and data for force ratios
This produces what may be possible, not specific COAs
Must Apply both Science (Force Ratios) and Art (Intangibles)
to Analyze Combat Power

159
SUB STEP 1
ANALYZE RELATIVE COMBAT
POWER Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The Science: (Force Ratios)


Planners Compare Force Ratios Two Levels
Down
Example: BDE looks at COs, BN at PLTs, etc.
Examine the Overall Friendly Force to the
Overall Enemy Force that can Directly
Affect Operations in the AO Using One of
the Following Three Techniques:
1. Compare Weapon System to Weapon System
2. Compare Unit to Unit
3. Use Pre-Computed Force Ratio Standards

160
SUB STEP 1
ANALYZE RELATIVE COMBAT
POWER Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The Science: (Force Ratios)


Regardless of Method Employed, You Must
Establish a Benchmark from which to
Judge Intangibles and Non-Standard
Combat Forces
Example: M1A2=10, From this you can
logically discern the value of a Bradley, a T-72,
Morale, Leadership, NVGs, etc

161
SUB STEP 1
ANALYZE RELATIVE COMBAT
POWER Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The Art: (Intangibles)


Intangibles = All Items that are NOT Covered as
Standard Combat Forces
Can Also Include Non-Standard Combat Units Such
as Insurgent Forces, Militias, etc.
Intangibles are ANYTHING that affords either side
some sort of advantage or Capability
Examples of Intangibles Include:
Morale, Night Vision Capability, Familiarity with Terrain,
Commitment to Cause, Media Effects, Weather/Terrain
Effects, Indigenous Sympathies, MOUT, etc.

162
SUB STEP 1
ANALYZE RELATIVE COMBAT
POWER Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The Art: (Intangibles)


Analyze Intangibles Using the
Following 4 Steps:
1. Define/Explain the Intangible 1-2
sentences to explain the item and the
advantage it gives
2. Assign a Numerical Value to the Intangible
Effect with Reference to the Benchmark
you Established
3. Assign to Whom the Intangible is an
Advantage For (Enemy or Friendly)
4. Include the Cumulative Intangible
163
THE SCIENCE Infantry Department: Inspire by Example
SUB STEP 1
FRIENDLY ENEMY
# % TYPE FE TOTAL # % TYPE FE TOTAL
3 100 AH-64 CO 3.00 9.00 8 60 Infantry Bn 0.75 3.59
4 100 OH-58D Trp 1.00 3.00 7 40 Tank Bn 0.58 2.42

4 100 Infantry Bn(M2) 3.00 12.00 2 60 Recon Bn 0.44 0.52

Intangibles 2.00 2.00 Intangibles 1.00 1.00


= sum of = sum of
Total Total Block
Block
FRIENDLY FORCE EQUIVALENT = 26 ENEMY FORCE EQUIVALENT = 7.53

RATIO OF FRIENDLY TO ENEMY PLANNING RATIO NEEDED FOR MISSION


= sum Friendly Force sum Eny
______________ 3.45: ______________
Force 1 164
EGEND: # Number of Units / % Unit Percent Strength / Type Type of Unit / FE Force Equivalent / Total Total Value
THE ART Infantry Department: Inspire by Example
SUB STEP 1

165
SUB STEP 1
ANALYZE RELATIVE COMBAT
POWER Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Once Art (Intangibles) & Science (Force


Ratios) are Complete, Calculate your
Overall Force Ratio
Use Force Ratio Worksheet to Capture all
Work
Using the Doctrinal Ratios found in FM
34-130, Annex B to Determine Which
Missions can be Accomplished
In Stability Missions the Force Ratio
Process is modified to Analyze Troop-
to-Task focused on the intangibles that166
SUB STEP 2
GENERATE OPTIONS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Should be capable of defeating all enemy COAs in an


unconstrained environment
Brain Storming session (unbiased and open-minded)
- During the brainstorming of each COA, risk
assessments are considered and aligned with the
screening criteria in FM 5-0.
Determine the Decisive Operation of the
mission (main effort), Shaping Operations
(supporting efforts) and Sustaining Operations
No Strawmen allowed

167
ARRAY INITIAL
SUB STEP 3

FORCES Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Determine the ratio of friendly to enemy units required for


each task (FM 34-130)
The ratio is just a start point. Dont forget about weather,
terrain, training, and leadership factors
Array ground forces 2 levels down (generic forces)
Bottom line is to determine the amount of force needed to
win
The risk management focus is to ensure that appropriate
controls are applied to reduce the risk of hazards

168
SUB STEP 4
DEVELOP THE CONCEPT OF
OPERATIONS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Refine the initial array of forces and use graphic control measures to
coordinate the operation
INCLUDE:
- purpose of the operation - designation of decisive operations
- tactical risk - designation of reserve, including
- events and phases location and composition
- designation of the decisive - location of engagement areas
operation - assignment of subordinate AOs
- designation of shaping - concept of fires
operations - obstacle plan
CRM focus for this step is to ensure effective controls are in place to
address hazards associated with the employment of the WFF/BOS

169
ASSIGN
SUB STEP 5

HEADQUARTERS Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Group the subordinate units for command and


control

Do not exceed the headquarters' span of control

Stay Generic Company #1 or Company A /


ME, SE1, SE2, RES, etc.

170
SUB STEP 6
PREPARE COA STATEMENTS AND
SKETCHES
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The COA statement must clearly portray how the unit will accomplish
the mission and explain the concept of operations.
It should include the mission and end state and address the battlefield
framework.
Sketch will provide the picture of who, what, when, where, how, and
why.
The sketch is shown 1 level down, unless smaller units help show the
scheme of maneuver.
Normally a paragraph titled 'Risk' is included as last paragraph of each
COA.

*** OPTIONAL COA BRIEFING


171
SAMPLE COA SKETCH
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

172
SAMPLE COA STATEMENT
(1 of 2)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

173
SAMPLE COA STATEMENT
(2 of 2)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

174
MDMP Step 4
COURSE OF ACTION ANALYSIS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Identifies which COA accomplishes the mission with


minimum casualties while positioning the force to
retain the initiative for future operations.
Helps the commander . . .
Determine how to maximize combat power against the
enemy while protecting the friendly forces and minimizing
collateral damage.
Have as near an identical vision of the battle as possible.
Anticipate Battlefield events.
Determine conditions and resources required for success.
Determine when and where to apply the forces capabilities.
Identify coordination requirements to produce synchronized
results.
Determine the most flexible course of action.
176
COA ANALYSIS (WAR GAME)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

XO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR LAYING OUT RULES


S3 IS RESPONSIBLE FOR :
1. Gather the Tools
2. List all Friendly Forces
3. List Assumptions
4. List Known Critical Events and Decision Points
5. Determine Evaluation Criteria
6. Select the War-Game Method
7. Select a Method to Record and Display Results
8. War-Game the Battle/Event and Assess the Results

S2 IS THINKING RED

177
SUB STEP 1
GATHER TOOLS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Must have the proper tools which include:


- Event template
- Recording method
- Completed COAs
- Means to post enemy and friendly units
- Map of the AO

178
LIST FRIENDLY
SUB STEP 2

FORCES Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Consider all available assets to be committed to the


battle.
Remember to look at relationships and constraints

179
SUB STEP 3
LIST ASSUMPTIONS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Are all your assumptions still valid and necessary?

Page 3-46
180
SUB STEP 4
CRITICAL EVENTS AND
DECISION Infantry
POINTS Department: Inspire by Example

Critical Events: events that directly influence


mission accomplishment. They trigger significant
actions or decisions.
- commitment of reserve, passage of line, battle
handover
Decision Points: events or points on the battlefield
where tactical decisions are required to be made.
They do not dictate what decision is to made.

Decision points relate to identified critical events and are linked to NAIs and TAIs

181
SAMPLE CRITICAL EVENTS
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

- DECISION POINTS IDENTIFY WHERE THE CDR MUST DECIDE TO


INITIATE AN ACTIVITY (CALL FOR FIRE, ETC) TO ENSURE
SYNCHRONIZED EXECUTION
FRIENDLY CRITICAL EVENTS ENEMY CRITICAL EVENTS
1. DETECT ABN INSERTION 1. RECON ENTERS SECTOR
2. RECONSTITUTE FORCES/ 2. ARTILLERY PREP BY DAG
OCCUPY BP/RECON 3. NEUTRALIZE ADA ASSETS
3. DETECT RECON REGT 4. ABN INSERTION LZ
HENRY
4. FIRE FASCAM IN EA DARRION 5. CAS STRIKES
5. COMMIT RESERVE 6. BREACH OBSTACLES

182
SUB STEP 5 EVALUATION
CRITERIA Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Factors used to measure the relative effectiveness


of one COA as compared to another COA
- mass
- speed
- simplicity
- deception
- c2
- fires
- reserves
- risk

Look at what will create success, but also what will cause failure

183
SUB STEP 6
SELECT WAR-GAME METHOD
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

There are three recommended techniques :

1. THE BELT
2. THE AVENUE-IN-DEPTH
3. THE BOX

PAGE 3-47
184
BELT TECHNIQUE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

MOST LENGTHY & DETAILED FOR SYNCHRONIZED EFFORT FOR THE WHOLE FORCE
BELTS CAN BE ADJACENT TO OR OVERLAP EACHOTHER.
STAFF WARGAMES ALL EVENTS WITHIN THE BELT SIMULTANEOUSLY

XX
BELT 1 BELT 2 BELT 3

OBJ
X
II

XX
185
TERRAIN IS DIVIDED, PHASED OPERATIONS, AND ENEMY IS DEPLOYED IN CLEARLY DEFINED BELTS
AVENUE-IN-DEPTH
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

FOCUSES ON ONE AVENUE OF APPROACH AT A TIME


ALLOWS TO WARGAME THE BATTLE IN SEQUENCE FROM AA TO THE OBJECTIVE
BEGINS WITH THE MAIN EFFORT

X
A

OBJ
X
B
II

XX
GOOD FOR OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 186
BOX TECHNIQUE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Easiest to use when little time is available


Analyzes selected critical events that are considered most important
Used in stability and support planning

XX
X

X OBJ
I
I

BOX 1 BOX 2
XX
FOCUSES ON CRITICAL EVENTS OR AREAS 187
SUB STEP 7
METHOD TO RECORD AND
DISPLAYInfantry
RESULTSDepartment: Inspire by Example

Gives the staff a record from which to build task


organization, synchronize activity, develop decision
support templates, prepare plans, event templates, and
analyze COAs
Two methods (both record strength and weaknesses)
- synchronization matrix
- sketch note

188
SYNCHRONIZATION
MATRIX Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

TIME -18H -14H -12H -8H H-HR +4H +6H +10H

ENEMY

DEC POINTS

270th MP

1/270TH

2/270TH

3/270TH

4/270TH

FIRES

Allows synchronization of the COA across time and space in relation to the enemy COA
Easily translated into a graphic decision making product (decision support template)
Can be modified to fit individual needs such as make up of unit
189
SYNCHRONIZATION MATRIX
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

TIME H-4 H-4 H

DP 1 2

CRP ENTERS AO CRP ENTERS AO


ENEMY

CCIR WHERE WILL CRP ENTER WHERE WILL CRP ENTER

NAI 1 2

TAI 1 2

270 AR OCCUPY BPs 1/3 BLOCK AT BP 5

1/270 REPORT CRP AT NAI 1 MOVE TO HVT 1

2/270 OCCUPY BP 1 BLOCK AT BP 5

OCCUPY BPs 2/4 OCCUPY BPs 2/4


271 INF

1/271 MOVE TO HVT 1 REPORT CRP AT NAI 2

OCCUPY BP 4 OCCUPY BP 2
2/271

FIRES FASCAM AT TAI 1 DISRUPT AT TAI 2

M-CM-S PREPARE BPs 5/6 PREPARE BP 5/6

190
SKETCH NOTE
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Critical event:

Sequence # Action Reaction Counter Assets Time Decision CCIR Remarks

191
WAR-GAME THE
SUB STEP 8

BATTLE Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Action, reaction, counteraction - with assets two levels down


War-game each friendly COA against each enemy COA
S3 plays blue and the S2 plays red.
Include movement considerations, closure rates, length of
columns, depths of formations, ranges and capabilities of
weapons systems and the effects of fires.
Always consider the risk to the force and look for ways to
reduce it.
S1 and S4 input the personnel and logistic needs of each event.
End result should be a well thought out and modified COA

192 Page 3-50


DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE (DST)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

MILITARY DECISION-MAKING PROCESS (MDMP)

COA
Mission COA COA COA Orders
Analysis
Analysis Development Comparison Approval Production
(Wargame)

THREAT COA 1 REFINED


P PRIORITIZED
THREAT COA 1 THREAT COA 1 PRIORITIZED
FRIENDLY
APPROVED
FRIENDLY
OPORD
R HVT HVT HVT COAs COA 1
FRAGO
O INITIAL DECISION PIRs
D IRs FRIENDLY SUPPORT
TEMPLATE
U COA 1
REFINED
IMPLEMENT
COLLECTION
C EVENT PLAN

T DRAFT
EVENT
TEMPLATE
SPTing
S TEMPLATE IRs HPTs

193
DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE (DST)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

+ H+1 PL RED
PL PURPLE PL BLUE H 2
59 H +3 NAI 1

32 TAI 3 DP 3 TAI 1 DP 1
2
NAI 2

SUBSEQUENT
OBJECTIVE
TAI 5 DP 2
DP 5
DP 4
TAI 2
194
DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE (DST)
(contd)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Named Areas of Interest (NAIs), Decision


Points (DPs), and Time - Phased Lines
DP 8
DP 7

DP 6

NAI 1

DP 8

TAI 3 NAI 2

H+3 hrs H+3.5 hrs


195
DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE (DST)
(contd)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Targeted Area of Interest (TAI)


In order to be H+1 PL RED
effective,
PL PURPLE TAIs PL BLUE H+2
must be59 H+3
kept NAI 1
under surveillance
32 TAI 3 DP 3 TAI 1 DP 1
2 The S3 develops TAIs based on the
commanders intent and in coordination
NAI 2
with the S2, FSO, and the electronic
warfare officer.

For some TAIs, the commander


specifies one definite attack
option, thus one decision point.
SUBSEQUENT However several DPs, called a DP
OBJECTIVE cluster, can be designated to
TAI 5 DP 2options for one
address several
DP 5 TAI.
DP 4
TAI 2
196
DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE (DST)
(contd)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Decision Support Template


BDE 21 Decision Support Template As of:
Decision
Event NAI Responsible Remarks
Trigger Conditions
Point TF
Move CAS to IP and fire EN crosses PL DOG at DP 1 WARNORD to
1 FASCAM KD0065 to force EN moving to 2-13 IN sector 116 TF 1-1 CAV M CAV to move
VQ985335 into EA GORE. Fire volcano E/5 FA in position PA 2/3 VQ985335 on AXIS GOLD
to block EN in EA GORE CAS on station to ABF 1

Move CAS to IP and fire EN crosses PL DOG at DP 2 WARNORD to


FASCAM KD0070 to force 2 moving to 1-13 IN sector 115 TF 1-1 CAV TM CAV to move
2 WQ002350
EN into EA BONE. E/5 FA in position PA 2/3 on AXIS SIVER
WQ000347 to ABF 3
CAS on station
1-! CAV moves on AXIS
3 SILVER to occupy ABF 2 BO5 TF 1-1 CAV Volcano
EN ME crosses PL SNAKE
VQ960360 OH58D move to ABF 1 VQ964358 2-13 IN Emplaced
(EA GORE) commits to 2-13 IN sector

4 1-1 CAV moves on AXIS


SILVER to occupy ABF 3 EN ME crosses PL SNAKE BO8 TF 1- 1 CAV Volcano
VQ977377 OH58D move to ABF 4 commits to 1-13 IN sector VQ981379 1-13 IN Emplaced
(EA BONE)

1-1 CAV moves on AXIS EN ME 61st BDE and ME BO5 Volcano


SILVER to occupy ABF 3 VQ964358 TF 1-1 CAV
3&4 OH58D move to ABF 1 62d BDE commit to BDE Emplaced
BO8 2-13 IN
Priority fires to 2-13 IN sector
VQ981379 1-13 IN
197
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE (DST)


(contd)
The Decision Support Template
graphically integrates:
Time-phased lines (TPLs)and enemy DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE (DST)
+
PL PURPLE
+
H 3 PL BLUE H 2 +
H 1 PL RED

events, activities, and targets 59


PA
NAI 1

DP 3

Friendly events, activities, scheme of


32 TAI 3 TAI 1 DP 1
2
NAI 2

maneuver, and control measures from


the synchronization matrix and
operation overlay
SUBSEQUENT
OBJECTIVE
TAI 5
DP 5

Commanders critical information TAI 2


DP 4 DP 2

requirements (CCIR)
Time estimates (calculations of the
times required to implement decisions)
198
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example
DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE (DST)
(contd)
STEPS IN DEVELOPING THE DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE (DST)
H +3 H +2 H +1
NAI
1

NAI
2

Step 1. Develop the modified Step 2. Develop the Step 3. Develop the
combined obstacle overlay (MCOO) enemy situation event template
over a map containing the area of template (SITTEMP) (step 3)
operations (AO) (step 2) (step 2)
H +3 H +2 H +1 PL PURPLE H +3 H +2 H +1 PL RED PL PURPLE H +3 PL BLUE
H +2 H +1 PL RED
PL BLUE

NAI NAI NAI


DP3 DP1
1 1 1
TAI 3 TAI 1 TAI 3 TAI 1 TAI 3 TAI 1

NAI NAI NAI


2 2 2

TAI 5 TAI 4 TAI 4 DP5


DP4 DP2

TAI 2 TAI 2 TAI 2

Step 4. Develop targeted Step 5. Develop friendly Step 6. Add decision points
areas of interest (TAIs) course of action (COA) (DP)199
and critical events
(step 3) (step 3) (step 3 and 4)
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example
SUB STEP 14

EXECUTION
2BCT Commander's Intent: The
purpose of this operation is the
destruction of Sweetonian forces that
influence AXIS AUSTRALIA and AXIS
BELIZE IOT minimize the enemys
ability to influence follow-on forces as
they continue XXI Corps attack east
to reestablish the international border
(PL GODSMACK). 201
MDMP Step 5
COA COMPARISON
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The COA comparison starts with the commander


analyzing and evaluating the advantages and
disadvantages of each COA from his perspective.
The Commander compares feasible courses of
action to identify the one COA that has the
highest probability of success against the most
likely enemy COA and the most dangerous enemy
COA.
Pose the minimum risk to soldiers, equipment, and
mission accomplishment.
Best position the force for future operations.
Provide the best flexibility to meet unknowns during
execution.
Provide maximum latitude for initiative by202
subordinates.
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

DECISION MATRIX
USE: COMBAT FUNCTIONS COA #1 COA #2
TENETS
PRINCIPLES OF WAR EA EA
SPECIFIC ELEMENTS OF THE CDRS CONDOR CONDOR
GUIDANCE
ANY OTHER SIGNIFICANT ACTIONS

FACTORS WEIGHT COURSE OF ACTION #1 COURSE OF ACTION #2

MASS
SIMPLICITY
DECEPTION
MANEUVER
SYNCHRONIZATION

FIRES
CSS
CMD & CNTRL
INTEL
SURVIVABILITY
TOTAL

203
MDMP Step 6
COA APPROVAL
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

The commander decides on the COA he believes


to be the most advantageous.
Once the commander has selected a COA:
- He may refine his intent statement.
- He issues any additional guidance on priorities
for CS/CSS.
- Issues guidance on orders preparation,
rehearsals, and preparation for mission execution.
The commander issues a warning order with
essential information so that subordinates can
refine their plans.
205
MDMP Step 7
ORDERS PRODUCTION
Based on the commanders decision
and final guidance, the staff refines
the COA and completes the plan and
prepares to issue the order.
Finally, the commander reviews and
approves orders before the staff
reproduces and briefs.
Encourage initiative by providing the
what and why of the mission
(Task and Purpose). 206
Basic Requirements of an
OPORD Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

All operation plans and orders at the battalion to


corps level follow a standard format that can be
found in FM 5-0, Appendix G.
Traditionally called a five paragraph field order,
and OPORD contains, as a minimum, the
following:
Task Organization.
Situation.
Mission.
Execution.
Administrative and Logistic Support.
Command and Signal for the operation.
207
Orders Format General
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Place the OPERATION


classification at the PLAN/ORDER (number)
top and bottom of (code name)
References: A list of
every page. maps, charts, datum, or
Change from verbal other documents
order, if any. required to understand
the order.
Initial heading: Time Zone Used
Copy ___ of ___ copies Throughout the Order:
Issuing headquarters Use Zulu for operations
Place of issue spanning more than
(coordinates) one time zone.
Date-time group of
208
signature
Format Situation
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Task Organization: Shown in paragraph or annex

1. SITUATION.
a. Enemy Forces. Express this in terms of two enemy
echelons below yours. Describe the enemys Most Likely and
Most Dangerous COAs. Append sketch. Refer to Annex B
(Intelligence) as required.
b. Friendly Forces. List the mission, commanders intent,
and concept of operation for headquarters one and two levels
up. Subparagraphs state the missions of flank units and other
units whose actions would have a significant bearing on the
issuing headquarters.
209
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Format Situation, cont.


c. Environment.
(1) Terrain. List all critical terrain aspects that would
impact on operations.
(2) Weather. List all critical weather aspects that would
impact on operations.
(3) Civil Considerations. List all critical civil
considerations that would impact on operations.
d. Attachments and Detachments. Do not repeat
information already listed under task organization or in Annex
A. List units that are attached or detached. State when
attachment or detachment is to be effective if different from
when the OPORD is effective.
e. Assumptions. List all (for OPLAN only).210
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Format Mission and


Intent
2. MISSION. State the mission derived during the
planning process. The mission statement will cover on-
order missions.

3. EXECUTION.
Intent. State the commanders intent, key tasks
and end state of the operation

Both of these are obtained through the


211MDMP
Format Execution
Concept of Operations
a. Concept of Operations. Describes how the
commander sees the actions of subordinate units fitting
together. Includes Scheme of Maneuver and Fires at a
minimum. Focuses on the method used for the operation and
synchronizes the warfighting functions/BOS to translate vision
and end state into action.
Designates the Main Effort for each Phase of the operation
(if phases are used).
Describes Shaping and Decisive Operations.
Includes any be-prepared missions
Commanders ensure that their concept of operations is
consistent with their Intent and that of the next two higher
commanders (nested). 212
Format Execution, cont.
Concept Subparagraphs
The concept of operation may be a single paragraph, may
be divided into two or more sub-paragraphs or, if unusually
lengthy, may be prepared as a separate annex. The following
subparagraphs are examples of what may be required within
the concept:
(1) Maneuver. State scheme of maneuver. Address
Decisive and Shaping operations.
(2) Fires. Describe scheme of fires. Address Purpose,
Priority, Allocation and Restrictions.
(a) Air Support
(b) Field Artillery Support
(c) Naval Gunfire Support
(d) Fire Support Coord. Measures 213
Format Execution, cont.
Concept Subparagraphs, cont.
(3) Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
(ISR). State the overall reconnaissance objective. Tie ISR
concept to maneuver.
(4) Intelligence. Describe the intelligence system
concept. State the priority of effort among Force Protection,
Situation Development, Targeting and Battle Damage
Assessment (BDA).
(5) Engineer. State the overall concept of Engineer
support. Indicate priority of effort and detail key M/CM/S,
general engineering and geospatial tasks.
(6) Air and Missile Defense. State the overall concept
of Air and Missile Defense and establish priority of support.
Provide ADA weapon status and warning status.214
Format Execution, cont.
Concept Subparagraphs, cont.
(7) Information Operations. State the IO concept of
support and list the IO objectives.
(8) NBC Operations. State the overall concept of NBC
operations and assign priorities of effort/support.
(9) Military Police Operations. State the overall
concept of military police operations in support of the scheme of
maneuver. Indicate priority of effort and detail EPW operations,
circulation control plan and rear area security.
(10) Civil-Military Operations. State the overall civil-
military operations (CMO) concept and assign priorities of
effort/support.

215
Format Execution, cont.
Specified Tasks to Sub Units

b. Tasks to Maneuver Units. State the mission or tasks


assigned to each maneuver unit that reports directly to the
headquarters issuing the order. Each task must include a
purpose that links it to the concept of operations. Use separate
subparagraph for each unit. List units in Task organization
sequence. Place tasks that affect two or more units in
subparagraph 3d. Coordinating Instructions
c. Tasks to Other Combat and Combat Support Units.
State the mission or tasks assigned to CS units. Use separate
subparagraph for each unit. List units in Task organization
sequence. List only those tasks that are not specified or implied
elsewhere.
216
Format Execution, cont.
Coordinating Instructions
d. Coordinating Instructions. List only instructions
applicable to two or more units and not covered in unit SOPs.
Complex instructions should be placed in an annex.
Subparagraphs 1-5 (below) are mandatory.
(1) Time or condition when the plan or order becomes
effective.
(2) Commanders Critical Information Requirements
(CCIR) (i.e., PIR and FFIR)
(3) Risk Reduction Control Measures
(4) Rules of Engagement (ROE)
(5) Environmental considerations
(6) Force Protection
(7) Any additional coordinating instr. 217
Format Service Support
4. SERVICE SUPPORT. Address service support concept.
Subparagraphs can include the following:
a. Support Concept. State the concept of logistics support
to provide non-CSS commanders and their staffs a visualization
on how the operation will be logistically supported. This could
include:
- the commanders priority of support
- locations of support areas / logistics bases
- support concept by operational phases
- unique support requirements in the areas of manning,
arming, fueling, fixing and sustaining
- use of host-nation support
b. Material and Services.
c. Health Service Support.
d. Personnel Service Support. 218
Format Command and
Signal
5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL.
a. Command. State the map coordinates for the CP
locations and at least one future location for each command
post. Identify chain of command if not addressed in unit SOPs.

b. Signal. List signal instructions not specified in unit SOPs.


identify the specific signal operating instructions (SOI) edition in
effect, required reports and formats, and times the reports are
submitted.

ACKNOWLEDGE: Include instructions for the acknowledgment


of the plan or order by addressees. (Acknowledgement of a plan
or order means that it has been received and understood)
219
Format - Authentication
NAME (Commanders last name)
RANK (Commanders rank)
The commander or authorized representative signs the original
copy. If representative signs, add the phrase For the
Commander.

OFFICIAL: Authentication by the preparing staff officer

ANNEXES: List appended Annexes by letter and title

DISTRIBUTION: List in detail those who are to receive the plan


or order. If necessary, refer to an annex or standard distribution
list or SOP.
220
Issue the Order
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Battalion orders are normally verbal


briefings, with supporting written
materials.

Briefing Techniques.
A picture is worth a thousand words
Describe (using a sketch or terrain
model), dont read
Dont read a slide or chart highlight
whats important
Some words are better communicated
written
Knowing what not to say is as important
as knowing what to say
Be precise, be brief, and be gone221
BN/TF OPORD Briefing
oll Call Agenda D. Coordinating
3. EXECUTION
Introductions A. Concept of the Instructions
eferences Operation (1) Time Schedule
ap Orientation (AO/AI) (1) Maneuver (2) CCIR
and time line (2) Fires (3) Risk Reduction
ask Organization (3) ISR and Control
(4) Intelligence (4) ROE
SITUATION (5) Engineer (5) Environmental
A. Enemy Forces (6) ADA (6) Force Protection
B. Friendly Forces (7) IO
C. Environment (8) NBC 4. SERVICE SUPPORT
(1) Terrain (9) Military Police A. Support Concept
(2) Weather (10) Civil-Military B. Material and Services
(3) Civil B. Tasks to Maneuver C. Health Service Spt
Considerations Units D. Personnel Service Spt
D. Attachments and C. Tasks to Other
Detachments Combat and Combat 5. COMMAND AND
Support Units SIGNAL
MISSION AND INTENT A. Command Locations
B. 222
Signal
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

YOUR STAFF WONT


WIN THE WAR FOR YOU,
BUT IT CAN PREVENT
YOU FROM WINNING
- BG JOHN E. MILLER

223
END OF PRESENTATION
Infantry Department: Inspire by Example

Thank you
&
Mabuhay

224

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