OpenSense II

Crowdsourcing High-Resolution
Air Quality Sensing
http://opensense.epfl.ch

PI: Alcherio Martinoli, EPFL

Co-PIs: Karl Aberer, Boi Faltings, EPFL
Andreas Krause, Lothar Thiele, ETH Zrich
Lukas Emmenegger, EMPA
Murielle Bochud, University Hospital Lausanne
Michael Riediker, Institute for Work and Health, Lausanne

NT Final Review Meeting, Lausanne, January 25, 2017

OpenSense II
OU T L I N E

MOTIVATION AND VISION

DEMONSTRATORS AND RESULTS

EXPECTED IMPACT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

OpenSense II
AI R P O L LU T I O N

Air pollution in urban areas is a global concern

affects quality of life and health
urban population is increasing

Air pollution is highly location- and time-

dependent
traffic chokepoints and rush hours
urban canyons and weather
industrial installations and activities

Air pollution monitoring today

Sparse, stationary and expensive stations
Spatial interpolation with mesoscale models (1
km2)

OpenSense II
OU R S Y S T E M V I S I ON

Measurement data Land-use and weather

Crowdsensors, mobile sensors, Terrain, meteorology, emission sources,
monitoring stations population

Officials, citizens High-resolution pollution

Health studies, crowdsensing
methods maps
Physics-based and data-driven modeling methods

OpenSense II
OU T L I N E

MOTIVATION AND VISION

DEMONSTRATORS AND RESULTS

EXPECTED IMPACT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

OpenSense II
DE P LOY M E NT S I N L A U S A NN E A N D Z U R I C H

10 streetcars in Zurich & 10 buses

in Lausanne
CO, NO2, O3, CO2, PM, temperature,
humidity
Localization: GNSS for trams, GNSS
fusioned with odometry and stop
Atinformation
NABEL stations in Dbendorf &
for buses
Lausanne
Communication: GPRS
Stations run by EMPA
Calibration and sensor drift
evaluation
Testing new sensors
Augmentation with dedicated static
Onstations
top of C-Zero electric
in the city vehicle
(e.g., DecentLab
100% electric, flexible mobility
AirCubes)
system test bed, targeted
Oninvestigation tool
top of LuftiBus
Since March 2013, covers whole
Switzerland
OpenSense II
 OP E N S E N S E S E N S I N G P L AT F OR M S

Measure gas-phase pollutants (CO, NO2, O3, CO2)

and particulate matter (PM).

Gases:
mix of small, relatively low-cost,
electrochemical, metal oxide, and NDIR
sensors.
slow response time; need re-calibration

Particles: View inside Zurich OpenSense platform

physical metrics: particle count and Lung-
Deposited Surface Area (LDSA)
nanoscale sensitivity (<100 nanometers)
high cost

DiSCmini (left) used in

Chemical sensors used in
Zurich and Naneos
the OpenSense stations
Partector (right) used in Exploded view of Lausanne air sampling
Lausanne for PM module
measurements
OpenSense II
 DATA S E T S
urich deployment: May, 2012 onwards
Sensing modality Sampling rate # of measurements
Particulate Matter (PM) 5s > 80 millions
Ozone (O3) 30s > 21 millions
Carbon-Monoxide (CO) 10s > 52 millions
Nitrogen-Dioxide (NO2) 10s > 52 millions
Temperature (T) & Humidity (RH) 30s > 42 millions

ausanne deployment: October, 2013 onwards

Sensing modality Sampling rate # of measurements
LDSA (PM) 1s > 203 millions
[CO, NO2, CO2] 5s > 101 millions
[O3, T, RH] 5s > 71 millions
GPS fix 1s > 325 millions
[odometer, accelerometer] 0.25 s > 1352 millions
vehicle context info event-driven > 14 millions

OpenSense II
G S N FO R B AC K E N D DATA P R OC ES S I N G

Unified data acquisition

process
Web data
access/filter/download
GPRS Sensor data archiving
packet parser
system logging Sensor data search
database server
GPS interpolation Time series processing
advanced filtering e
fault detection ann
u s
system health monitor
La
automatic reporting @
N
GS

h
ric
Z
@
[Calbimonte et al., Informatik Spektrum, N
GS
2017]

OpenSense II
EX A MP L E S O F P O L LU T I O N M A P S ( P M )

Lausanne, daily data, street-

based tessellation; ANN with
deep learning model using land-
use, traffic and weather data as
explanatory variables
[Marjovi et al., EWSN17]

Zurich, quarterly data, 100x100 m grid-

based tessellation; linear regression
model using land-use and traffic data as
explanatory variables
Date: 15.09.2014
[Hasenfratz et al., Journal of Pervasive and
Mobile Computing, 2015]
OpenSense II
P H Y S I C S -B AS ED P OL LU T I ON M A P P I NG :
TH E G RA M M / G RA L M O D E L I NG
F RA M E W O R K
Observations 10 years of hourly concentration maps

Traffic

Heating
wind speed
wind direction
stability Industry

GRAMM/GRAL Temporal
(meso/CFD) GRAL
catalogue catalogue of profiles
of wind fields concentration fields Traffic
Heating
Industry

[Berchet et al.,
PHYSMOD15]
OpenSense II
M U LT I -Y E A R S I M U L AT I O N S O F N O X A N D P M 1 0

Zurich, annual mean NOx

5 m resolution, hourly output, 0-30 m above
ground level
Evaluation with in situ measurements:
Bias < 10%
Correlation > 0.7 for hourly concentrations
Correlation > 0.8 for daily averages
Comparison with NABEL NOx measurements in Lausanne

Lausanne, annual mean NOx

OpenSense II
 C O R R E L AT I ON R E S U LT S ( P M 10 WI T H
G RA M M / G RA L M OD E L A ND C O L AU S DATA )
Health
data
(N=6184, 2003-
2012)
Link data by
GIS

Exposure
data
Air pollution
maps from
OpenSense II
Association of different exposure duratio
Tsai et al., Journal of Hypertension, 2015] with inflammatory markers by linear m
models
OpenSense II
P I LO T S T U DY: P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y V S . A I R
P O L LU T I O N E X P O S U R E

OpenSense II
M O D E L E D H O U R LY P M 1 0 C O N C E N T R A T I O N S O N T H E
M E A S U R E D T RA J E C T O R I E S O F T H E PA RT I C I PA N T S T O T H E
P I LO T S T U DY

OpenSense II
C R O W D S E N S I N G : LO O K I N G F O R A S U I TA B L E
P L AT F O R M

Opensense early prototypes Variable NODE AirQualityEgg

[Hasenfratz et al.,
MobileSensing12]
[Predic et al.,
PerCom13]

Outcome: NT Strategic Deployment on bikes by ETHZ-LAS;

Action OpenSWISS (on- comparative tests at the NABEL station in
going) Dbendorf by EMPA

OpenSense II
 C R O WDS E N S I N G : AL G O R I T H M S

Privacy protection
Location obfuscation
Privacy-aware information gathering
[Agir et al., PrivOn14]
[Singla and Krause, HCOMP13]

Participant
Quality
score
system
Reputation system

Report
at t = 1 Reputation systems
Provable guarantees
Reputation

Report Limit impact of malicious

at t = 2 Pollution
model
reporting
Pollution map
[Radanovic and Faltings,
Accepts or
discards at t = 2 AAMAS16]
reports

OpenSense II
C R OWD S E NS I NG :
A LG OR I T H M S

CrowdSense
Sensor accuracy
characterization
Collect data for monitoring
while maximizing utility of the
collected data
[Singla et al., AAAI16]

Incentive mechanisms
Stimulate effective
participation and prevent
collusion
[Singla et al., ICML16]
[Radanovic et al., ACM Trans. on
Intelligent Systems and Technology,
2016]
OpenSense II
OU T L I N E

MOTIVATION AND VISION

DEMONSTRATORS AND RESULTS

EXPECTED IMPACT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

OpenSense II
S C I EN T I FI C I M PAC T

Publications in four communities: electrical

engineering, computer science,
environmental engineering, medical science
9 journal papers
36 conference papers (32 peer-reviewed)
3 best paper awards:
[Hasenfratz et al, PerCom 2014]
[Saukh et al., IPSN 2015]
[Calbimonte and Aberer, ESWC 2015]

OpenSense II
S O C I ETAL I M PAC T - E X AM P L E S

The Health-Optimal Route Planner mobile

application is officially recommended by the city
of Zurich:
https://
www.stadt-zuerich.ch/portal/de/index/ogd/anwendungen/mo
bileapp/hrouting.html

High-resolution GRAMM/GRAL
modelling demonstrator
transferred to the Environment
NOx and Health protection agency of
Zurich (UGZ) for future use for
urban planning and mitigation
strategy design
OpenSense II
T E C H N O LO G I C A L I M PA C T O N - G O I N G
C O L L A BO RAT I O N S
Company Business area Collaboration form
TL Transportation in In-kind, hosting sensor on vehicles
Lausanne and providing technical assistance
VBZ Transportation in In-kind, hosting sensor on vehicles
Zrich and providing technical assistance
Naneos Particle detection In-kind, providing partially
customized UFP detectors and
technical assistance
DecentLab Sensor networks In-kind, providing customized static
nodes and partner in the Gateway
project CarboSense
ElectricFeel Bike network provider In-kind, provider of e-bikes for Zurich
deployment
PSA Car manufacturer In-kind, provider of e-vehicle for the
Lausanne deployment
SGX Gas sensing In-kind, providing sensor samples
SensorTech and test facilities for sensory
systems
Swisscom O p e n S ePartner
Communication n s e I Iin the Gateway project
 T E C H N O LO G I C A L I M PAC T E X P R E S S I O N S O F
INTEREST
Entity Business Sector Country
CSEM Swiss private, non-profit R&D company Industry/gov. Switzerland
InfoTeam Software Engineering Industry Switzerland
La Poste Transportation and mail company Industry Switzerland
LNI Schmidlin Gas mixers, generators, and calibration Industry Switzerland
devices
SensorScope Sensor networks industry Switzerland
Seres Environment Online analysis of water and air quality Industry Switzerland
Anaximen Air quality monitoring Industry France
Digicore Systems Software Engineering Industry U.K.
IBM IT and Smarter Cities Industry India
Origins Air quality monitoring Industry China
Perkin Elmer Environmental monitoring and detection Industry Canada
solutions
Wicked Devices Air quality monitoring Industry U.S.A.
Swiss TPH Air pollution and health studies (SAPALDIA) Government Switzerland
UGZ Air quality and health in Zrich Government Switzerland
DSE Environnemental protection in Lausanne Government Switzerland
FOEN Federal Office for the Environment Government Switzerland
De Meter Stichting The Dutch Measurement Foundation Government The Netherlands

OpenSense II
M EDI A C OV E RAG E

Landnote, Neue Zrcher Zeitung NZZ, Tagesanzeiger, Tele

TOP, TSR, 20 Minuten, Blick, Blick am Abend, Plante
Bleue, Lift Conference,

OpenSense II
OU T L I N E

MOTIVATION AND VISION

DEMONSTRATORS AND RESULTS

EXPECTED IMPACT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

OpenSense II
 OP E N S E N S E I I T E A M
Alcherio Martinoli, EPFL-DISAL, PI Michael Riediker, IST, Co-PI
Adrian Arfire, PhD student Nicole Charrire, technical staff
Emmanuel Droz, engineer Nancy Hopf, senior researcher
Ali Marjovi, postdoc Guillaume Suarez, postdoc
Karl Aberer, EPFL-LSIR, Co-PI Lothar Thiele, ETHZ-TIK, Co-PI
Berker Agir, PhD student David Hasenfratz, PhD
Jean-Paul Calbimonte, postdoc Balz Maag, PhD student
Julien Eberle, PhD student Olga Saukh, postdoc
Tian Guo, PhD student Zimu Zhou, postdoc
Mehdi Riahi, PhD student
Murielle Bochud, CHUV-IUMSP, Co-PI
Dai-Hua Tsai, postdoc
ukas Emmenegger, EMPA, Co-PI
Antoine Berchet, postdoc
Dominik Brunner, senior researcher
Christoph Hglin , senior researcher
Michael Mller, postdoc
Katrin Zink, postdoc
Boi Faltings, EPFL-LIA, Co-PI
Goran Radanovic, PhD student
Andreas Krause, ETHZ-LAS, Co-PI
Adish Singla, PhD student

OpenSense II
R ES EA RC H I NI T I AT I V E

OpenSense II