It Blows You Away

"Coal, gas and oil will not be the three

kings of the energy world for ever. It is
no longer folly to look up to the sun
and wind, down into the sea's waves"
Introduction
 Energy is a major input for overall socio-
economic development of any society
The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing

So renewables are expected to play a key role

Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable

Wind turbines are up to the task of producing

serious amounts of electricity
Principles
Uneven heating of earths surface and
rotation
 Beaufort Scale
Force Strength km/h Effect

0 Calm 0-1 Smoke rises vertically

1 Light air 1-5 Smoke drifts slowly

2 Light breeze 6-11 Wind felt on face; leaves rustle

3 Gentle breeze 12-19 Twigs move; light flag unfurls

4 Moderate breeze 20-29 Dust and paper blown about; small branches move

5 Fresh breeze 30-39 Wavelets on inland water; small trees move

6 Strong breeze 40-50 Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out

7 Near gale 51-61 Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind

8 Gale 62-74 Twigs break off trees; walking very hard

9 Strong gale 75-87 Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down

10 Storm 88-101 Widespread damage to buildings

11 Violent Storm 102-117 Widespread damage to buildings

12 Hurricane Over 119 Devastation

Velocity with Height
Power vs. Velocity
Lift and drag forces
Solidity and Tip speed ratio
Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion
Potential
 Huge potential exists
Available potential can contribute five
times the world energy demand
0.4% contribution to total energy
Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing energy
source
MW Installed
Growth of Wind Energy

Year
Wind Energy generating capacity by country, 1980-
2003
Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005
Available potential in India
Wind Power Density of
India
All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004
State wise potential in India, 2005
Technology
 Turbine Evolution
Used for
Pumping water
Grinding grain

Mainly used for

Generating Electricity
 Types of turbines
VAWT
Drag is the main force

Nacelle is placed at the bottom

Yaw mechanism is not required

Lower starting torque

Difficulty in mounting the turbine

Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

HAWT
Lift is the main force

Much lower cyclic stresses

95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs

Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower

Yaw mechanism is required

 Two types of HAWT

DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

Counter Rotating HAWT
Increase the rotation speed

Rear one is smaller and stalls at high

wind speeds
Operates for wider range of wind speeds
 Offshore turbines
More wind speeds

Less noise pollution

Less visual impact

Difficult to install and maintain

Energy losses due long distance

transport
A Typical HAWT
 Turbine design and
construction
Blades

Material used

Typical length

Tower height

Heights twice the blade length are

found economical
 Number of blades
Three blade HAWT are most efficient

Two blade turbines dont require a hub

As the number increases; noise, wear and

cost increase and efficiency decreases
Multiple blade turbines are generally used
for water pumping purposes
 Rotational control
Maintenance

Noise reduction

Centripetal force reduction

Mechanisms
Stalling

Furling
 Yaw Mechanism
To turn the turbine against the wind
Yaw error and fatigue loads
Uses electric motors and gear boxes
Wind turbine safety
Sensors controlling vibrations
Over speed protection
Aero dynamic braking
Mechanical braking
 Improvements
Concentrators
Future Wind Turbines
Wind Amplified Rotor Platform
 Disc type wind turbine

o Much more efficient than

HAWT
o Requires less height

o Low noise

o Works in any wind direction

Economics
 Determining Factors
Wind Speed

Turbine design and construction

Rated capacity of the turbine

Exact Location

Improvements in turbine design

Capital
Wind Speed Matters

Assuming
the same
size project,
the better
the wind
resource, the
lower the
cost.
Size Matters

Assuming the
same wind
speed of 8.08
m/s, a large
wind farm is
more
economical
Overall cost distribution
Break down of capital cost
 Energy Cost Trend

1979: 40 cents/kWh

2000:
4 - 6 cents/kWh

Increased
Turbine Size
R&D Advances
2004:
Manufacturing 3 4.5 cents/kWh
Improvements
 Typical cost statistics
Size: 51 MW

Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour

Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW)

Annual production: 150 million kW-hr

Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents

Payback period: 20 years

Economic Advantages
 Greater fuel diversity
No delay in construction
Low maintenance costs
Reliable and durable equipment
Additional income to land owners
More jobs per unit energy produced
No hidden costs
Future
Wind Capital Cost
Cost of Wind Energy
 Germany now and 2020
At present 10%
of the countrys
energy is
supplied by wind
energy
By 2020 it is
expected to go up
to 26%
Australia now and 2040
 So..

Price of wind power is coming down

There is enormous capacity

Energy storage, however, is still a problem

Typical Concerns
 Visual impact
Off shore turbines
Arrangement

Avian concerns
Suitable choice of site
Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower
Using radars
 Noise
Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed
Streamlining of tower and nacelle
Acoustic insulation of nacelle
Specially designed gear box
Use of upwind turbines
Reducing angle of attack
Low tip speed ratios
 Changes in wind patterns
Reducing turbulence
Intermittent
Coupling with hydro or solar energy
TV, microwave, radar interference
Switching from conducting material to
non-conducting and composite material
Conclusion
 Wind energy is pollution free and nature
friendly
Wind energy has very good potential and it is
the fastest growing energy source
The future looks bright for wind energy
because technology is becoming more
advanced and windmills are becoming more
efficient
THANK YOU
Furling