Chapter 1 Introduction Fick S Law 2

BKF 2432: MASS TRANSFER FKKSA, UMP
CHAPTER 1
1
It is expected that student will be able to:

Describe the introductory concept of mass
transfer.
List the applications of mass transfer and
diffusion
Describe the fundamental of Ficks Law of
Diffusion
Solve the mathematical solution of Ficks Law of
Diffusion
2
Mass Transfer is an engineering term for

physical processes that involve molecular
and convective transport of atoms and
molecules within physical systems.
Mass transfer may occur in a gas mixture,

a liquid solution or solid.
3
Mass transfer requires the presence

of two regions at different chemical
compositions, and mass transfer
refers to the movement of a
chemical species from high
concentration region toward a lower
concentration one.
4
Mass transfer occurs whenever there is a

gradient in the concentration of a species.
Definition: Transfer of mass from high

concentration to low concentration.
The basic mechanisms are the same

whether the phase is a gas, liquid, or solid.
5
6
i) Mass concentration = Mass of i per unit

volume (kg/m3)
ii) Molar concentration of species i = Number

of moles of i per unit volume (kmol/m3)
iii) Number of molecules of each species

present per unit volume (molecules/m3)
7
Quantifying Mass Transfer

Allows for design and manufacture
of separation equipment that can
meet specified requirements.
Estimate what will happen in real
life situation such as chemical spill
etc.
8
Daily experience
Add sugar to the coffee.
Evaporation of water from a pond to the

atmosphere because of the difference in
concentration of water vapor at the water
surface and the surrounding air.
9
A drop of orange liquid dye is added

to a glass of water. The dye
molecules will diffuse slowly by
molecular diffusion to all parts of the
water.
10
Chemical Process
The doping of a silicon wafer to form
a semiconducting thin film.
Biological Process
Oxygenation of blood
Transport of ions across membranes
within the kidney
11
Chemical Separation Process

Adsorption
Liquid-liquid extraction
Distillation
Drying
Gas absorption
12
The two modes of mass transfer:

Molecular diffusion
Convective mass transfer
13
Whenever there is concentration difference in a medium,

nature tends to equalize
things by forcing a flow
from the high to the low
concentration region.
Before After
The molecular transport process of mass is characterized by
the general equation:
Rate of transfer process = driving force

resistance
14
14
Consider a tank that is divided into two equal parts

by a partition.
Initially, the left half of the tank
contains nitrogen N2 gas while
the right half contains air (about 21
% O2 and 79% N2) at the same
temperature and pressure.
15
When the partition is removed the N2

molecules will start diffusing into the air while
the O2 molecules diffuse into the N2.
If we wait long enough,
we will have a homogeneous
mixture of N2 and O2 in
the tank.
16
Molecular diffusion or molecular transport can be defined as

the transfer or movement of individual molecules through a
fluid
by mean of the random, individual movements of the
molecules.(2) A
B
B B B
B B B
B
B B B
Schematic diagram of molecular diffusion process
A
(1)
If there are greater number of A molecules near point (1) than

at (2), then since molecules diffuse randomly in both direction,
more A molecules will diffuse from (1) to (2) than from (2) to
(1).
The net diffusion of A is from high to low concentration regions. 17
The diffusion of molecules when the

whole bulk fluid is not moving but
stationary. Diffusion of molecules is due
to a concentration gradient.
The general Ficks Law Equation for binary mixture of A and B
dx A
J *
AZ cDAB (1)
dz
c = total concentration of A and B [kgmol (A + B)/m3]
xA= mole fraction of A in the mixture of A and B
18
Ficks Law dc A
DAB
*
J AZ (2)
dz
*
J AZ is the molar flux of component A in the z
direction [kgmol A/s.m2]
D AB is the molecular diffusivity of the molecule A

in B [m2/s]
cA is the concentration of A in kg mol/m3
z is the distance of diffusion [m]
19
(3)
(4)
20
A mixture of He and N2 gas is contained in a

pipe at 298 K and 1 atm total pressure which
is constant throughout. At one end of the pipe
at point 1 the partial pressure pA1 of He is 0.6
atm and at the other end 0.2 m pA2 = 0.2 atm.
Calculate the flux of He at steady state if DAB
of the He-N2 mixture is 0.687 x 10-4 m2/s. (R is
82.057 x 10-3 m3.atm/kg mol.K)
Ans: 5.63 x 10-6 kg.mol/s.m2
21
22

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BKF 2432: MASS TRANSFER FKKSA, UMP

It is expected that student will be able to:

Mass Transfer is an engineering term for

Mass transfer may occur in a gas mixture,

Mass transfer requires the presence

Mass transfer occurs whenever there is a

Definition: Transfer of mass from high

The basic mechanisms are the same

i) Mass concentration = Mass of i per unit

ii) Molar concentration of species i = Number

iii) Number of molecules of each species

Quantifying Mass Transfer

Evaporation of water from a pond to the

A drop of orange liquid dye is added

Chemical Separation Process

The two modes of mass transfer:

Convective mass transfer

Whenever there is concentration difference in a medium,

Rate of transfer process = driving force

Consider a tank that is divided into two equal parts

When the partition is removed the N2

Molecular diffusion or molecular transport can be defined as

If there are greater number of A molecules near point (1) than

The diffusion of molecules when the

D AB is the molecular diffusivity of the molecule A

A mixture of He and N2 gas is contained in a

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