Digital Signal

Processing
Introduction

Prof.Hansa Shingrakhia
Course Overview

Discrete-time signal and systems

Z-Transform
Analysis of Linear Time Invariant (LTI)
systems
Structures of discrete time systems
Filter design techniques
Discrete Fourier Transform
Fast Fourier Transform
Architecture of DSP

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Books

Texts
Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithm &
Application,4th ed,Proakis, Manolakis, Pearson
Discrete Time Signal Processing:2nd Ed
Oppenheim & Schafer, PHI, 2003

3
What is DSP
Performing an operation on a signal using digital
techniques

Signal : A physical quantity that varies with time,

space or any other variable(s)
Speech (t)
Video (x, y, t)
Image (x, y)

System : A physical device, or a software

realization, that performs an operation on a signal

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Processing in DSP

Algorithm
Mathematical description of a process

Basic processes
Multiply
Convolute
Correlate

Major applications
Filtering
Transformation

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DSP Applications in
Communications
Speech, Audio & Video Compression (Cellular
Telephone, HDTV, MPEG, MP3)
Text to speech conversion
Voice recognition
Filtering (Recover signal from noise)
Modulation & Demodulation
Encryption
Echo Cancellation
Noise Cancellation
Line Equalization
Detection and Estimation
Performance measure
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Advantages of DSP

Flexibility
Accuracy
Storage
Economical

Limitation
Speed of operation

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DSP

Analog/ Digital Digital /

Analog Analog
Digital signal Analog
input output
converter processor converter
Digital Digital
input output

A DSP interfaces a digital signal directly

Interface to analog signals is through ADC
and DAC

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Signal Classification
A signal is described by a function of a
single or multiple variables
The variable(s) can be
Real valued scalar quantity s (t ) A sin t
Complex valued quantity s (t ) cos t j sin t
Vector quantity (multi-channel signal)
s(t ) s1 (t ) s2 (t ) s3 (t )
Signals generated by multiple sources or
sensors
A multi-dimensional signal is function of
more than one independent variables I ( x, y , t )
Picture (2 dimensions x,y)

Video (3 dimensions x,y,t)

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Signal Classification
Multi-channel multi-dimensional signal
Color video with R,G,B color signals
I r ( x, y , t )
I ( x, y , t ) I g ( x, y , t )

I b ( x, y , t )
A moving point in three dimensional space

y P(x,y,z,t)
x
z
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Other classifications

Continuous-time Discrete-time
x(t) x(n)
Discrete valued
Continuous valued
quantized
Deterministic Random
Past, present and future are
Cannot be predicted
known
Expressed only
Can be expressed
probabilistically
mathematically
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Continuous-time sinusoidal
signal

xa(t)=Acos(t+), -<t<
=Acos(2Ft+)

For every fixed F, xa(t) is periodic

xa(t+Tp)=xa(t), Tp=1/F
Continuous-time sinusoidal signals with distinct
frequencies are themselves distinct
Increasing F results in increasing rate of oscillations
and more cycles per second
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Positive and negative
frequencies
xa(t)=Ae+j(t+)=Acos(t+) + j Asin(t+)

xa(t)=Acos(t+)= (A/2)ej(t+)+ (A/2)e-j(t+)

Negative frequency
A/2
t + Positive frequency

t +
A/2

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Discrete sinusoid
x(n)= Acos(n+) -<n<
= Acos(2fn+)
n is the sample number
is the frequency in radians/sample
f is the frequency in cycles/sample

=2/16

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Properties of discrete-time
sinusoid
A discrete-time sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency f is a
rational number
ie. x(n+N)=x(n) for all n
Smallest value of N for which this relation holds is the
fundamental period
Proof:
For a sinusoid with fundamental frequency f0 to be periodic we
must have
Cos[2f0(n+N)+]= Cos[2f0n+]
2f0N=2k
Hence f0 = k/N where k, N are integers

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Discrete-time sinusoid-
example
1 31

N=31, k=4
=8/31 rad/sample
f=4/31 cycles/sample

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Continuous and discrete
sinusoids
Discrete-time sinusoids whose frequencies are
separated by integer multiples of 2 are identical
For continuous - time sinusoids
x1 (t ) cos(1t ), x2 (t ) cos( 2t )
If 1 2 then x1 (t ) x2 (t )

For discrete - time sinusoids

x1 (n) cos(1n ), x2 (n) cos(2 n )
If 2 1 2k (k 0,1,2,... & - 1 )
then x1 (n) x2 (n)
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 The First Step

Bandlimited Discrete- Discrete- Digital

Analog time time signal
signal continuous- discrete- (Binary
amplitude amplitude numbers)
signal signal

Lowpass
Lowpass
Filter
Filter Sampler
Sampler Quantizer
Quantizer Encoder
Encoder Digital
Analog Output
Input

Analog to digital conversion involves filtering, sampling,

quantization and encoding

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Signal waveforms in ADC
Amplitude
Continuous analog signal
time

Band limited analog signal

time

Sampled analog signal

T
time

Quantization levels 111

110
101
100 Encoded Levels
011
time 010
001
000
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Sampling
In periodic or uniform sampling samples of an analog signal
are taken at regular interval T, the sampling period, T=1/Fs
Sampled signal is written as
x(n)=xa(nT)= xa(n/Fs) -<n<
Analog sinusoid is
xa (t ) A cos(2Ft )
F
xa (nT ) x(n) A cos(2FnT ) A cos(2n )
Fs
F
f Hence, f is the relative or normalized frequency
Fs
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Relation between frequency
variables
Continuous-time
2F 2f
radians/sec radians/sample
F cycles/sec or Hz f cycles/sample

T , f F / Fs , 1 2 f 1 2
, F / T , F f .Fs

/T /T
Fs / 2 F Fs / 2
Discrete-time
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Aliasing

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Sampling theorem
If highest frequency in an analog signal xa(t) is Fmax=B and
the signal is sampled at fs>2Fmax=2B, then xa(t) can be
recovered from the samples using an interpolation function
sin 2Bt
g (t )
2Bt
Convolution sum
Recovered signal xa(t) is expressed as

n n
n sin 2B (t n / 2 B)
xa (t ) xa g t xa
n Fs Fs n 2 B 2B(t n / 2 B)
n
where xa xa nT x n are the samples of xa(t) and
Fs
Fs 2 B 2 Fmax is the Nyquist sampling rate
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Reconstruction of signal
from its samples
sin 2Bt sin 2Fmax t sin Fs t sin t / T
g (t )
2Bt 2Fmax t Fs t t / T
1 g(t)

-3T -2T -T 0 T 2T 3T

xa(t)

T
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