Makhluk Hidup dalam

Ekosistem Alami
 1. Populasi dan Komunitas
Makhluk Hidup

Level Organisasi
 Organisasi Ekologis organisme

Ecosystem organization
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
 What is a Community and a
Population?
A population is a
A community is group individuals
assemblage of that belong to the
different populations same species and
that live together in live in the same area
a defined area
 Principles of Ecological
Factors
Abiotic factors Law of tolerance
Biotic factors Limiting factors
 Demographics
Density and distribution
Population density pattern of dispersal of
individuals across an area of interest
Resources abiotic (nonliving) and biotic
(living) components of environment
Limiting factors environmental aspects that
determine where an organism lives
 Population Growth and Environmental
Impact
Human population growth pressures physical
environment, need for space and raw materials is going
up

People in developed nations have a greater demand for raw

materials and generally more wasteful than underdeveloped
countries
 The Biotic Components of
Ecosystems
Producers
(autotrophs)

Photosynthesis
Consumers
(heterotrophs)

Aerobic
respiration

Decomposers
 Trophic Levels
Primary consumer (herbivore)

Secondary consumer (carnivore)

Tertiary consumer

Omnivore

Detritivores and scavengers

Decomposers
 Natural Capital: Sustaining Life of
Earth
One-way flow
of energy from
Sun
Cycling of
crucial
elements
Gravity
Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis: production of carbohydrate from
water and carbon dioxide, using light energy
H20 + CO2 +light energy CHOH + O2
 Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

Respiration is process of "burning" this stored chemical energy,

basically through oxidation, for maintaining plant metabolism.
During plant respiration, carbohydrates combine with oxygen and
is reduced to carbon dioxide and water, and heat.
Connections: Food Webs and Energy
Flow in Ecosystems
Food chains Food webs
Food chains
Food Webs
 Decomposition
Most material = plant
Involves:
Release of chemical energy
Mineralization (= organic --> inorganic)

Note immobilization = reverse of

mineralization
Net mineralization rate = mineralization -
immobilization
 Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of
Fig. 4-20 p. 79
energy flow
Ecological
efficiency
Pyramid of
biomass
Pyramid of
numbers
2. Berbagai bentuk
ekosistem alami
 Berbagagai Bentuk Ekosistem
Alami
BIOME : A group of ecosystems that
have the same climate and similar
dominant communities
 Biodiversity
Genetic diversity

Species diversity

Ecological diversity

Functional diversity
Habitats: Tundra
Habitats: Taiga
Habitats: Temperate forest
Habitats: Tropical rainforest
Habitats: Temperate
grassland
Habitats: Savanna
Habitats: Desert
 Habitats: Wetlands

Includes permanent and temporary aquatic

environments
Which has more cultural
diversity?

A B
 Which has more
biodiversity?

A B
3. Aliran energi dan materi
dalam ekosistem alami
 Energy Flow
Energy always flows in one
direction through an ecosystem
from autotrophs to heterotrophs
 Autotrophs
PRODUCERS
organisms that use energy from the
environment to change CO2 into
organic compounds (food)

Two types of producers:

photosynthesizers use energy from the
sun (plants, algae, bacteria)
chemosynthesizers use energy from
chemical reactions inside Earth
(bacteria)
 Heterotrophs
CONSUMERS
organisms that rely on other
organisms for their energy and
food supply
 Connections: Matter Cycling in
Ecosystems

Biogeochemical cycles

Hydrologic cycle (H2O)

Atmospheric cycles (C, N)

Sedimentary cycles (P, S)

Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Human Influence on the Water
Cycle
Water withdraw from lakes and
streams
Clear vegetation
Construct impervious surfaces
Fill wetlands
Modify water quality by adding
nutrients
The Carbon Cycle
(Terrestrial)
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)
The Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
The phosphorus cycle
The Sulfur
Cycle
 Human impacts on the environment
Global warming
Use of machinery by humans seems to be increasing
atmospheric CO2 levels. Carbon dioxide prevents heat
energy from escaping, causes slight world wide
temperature increases

Rising water
temperatures causes
coral bleaching
 Human impacts on the environment
Deforestation
Caused by demand for wood products, need for
space, farmland, housing, roads
Deforestation causes habitat fragmentation
Animals and plants are forced into confined areas
 Human impacts on the environment
Ozone depletion
Caused by aerosol chemicals called
chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) commonly used as coolants
Escape into atmosphere, reacts with ozone (O 3, a
protective atmospheric layer)
UV rays penetrate
atmosphere and
cause harm to many
organisms
 Human impacts on the environment

Fishing activities
Demand for fish and shellfish

Fishing is harmful to the environment in many

ways
Bycatch, gear losses, trawling scours sea bottom
 Human impacts on the environment
Invasive species
Typically introduced by people accidentally or
intentionally
Can cause problems if no natural enemies are
present
Islands and other confined ecosystems
Cane toad wasare at risk
introduced
to Australia to control cane
beetles, pest insects that
destroy sugar cane crops

Toads did not control cane

beetles, instead they took
over and cane toads are
unusually hardy
 Human impacts on the environment

Exotic pet trade

Capture and sell wild animals from exotic
locations
Wealthy buyers and collectors desire obscure
animals
Animals removed from
their habitat causes an
imbalance in ecosystem
4. Macam-macam bentuk
pola kehidupan
 Types of Consumers
herbivore plant eater
carnivore meat eater
omnivore eat both plants and
animals
detritivore eat dead plants and
animals
decomposer breakdown organic
matter into inorganic compounds like
CO2, H20, NO3
 Feeding Relationships
food chain: a series of steps in which
organisms transfer energy by eating
and being eaten
producer herbivore carnivore

food web: a linking of all the food

chains in an ecosystem
BENTUK ASOSIASI KEHIDUPAN
Mutualisme
Komensalisme
Parasitisme
Ecological Biogeography
Interactions Among Species
Competition: species compete for a common resource
Predation: one species feeds on another
Parasitism: one species gains nutrition from another, usually invades
or attaches to the body of the host
Herbivory: animals graze on plants (a type of predation)
Allelopathy: a plant species produces toxins that inhibit others
Symbiosis: positive interaction between species that is beneficial to at
least one of the species and does not harm the other
Commensalism: one species benefits, the other is unaffected
Mutualism: one or both species cannot survive alone
Ecological Biogeography
Interactions Among Species
Competition: species compete for a common resource
Predation: one species feeds on another
Parasitism: one species gains nutrition from another, usually invades
or attaches to the body of the host
Herbivory: animals graze on plants (a type of predation)
Allelopathy: a plant species produces toxins that inhibit others
Symbiosis: positive interaction between species that is beneficial to at
least one of the species and does not harm the other
Commensalism: one species benefits, the other is unaffected
Mutualism: one or both species cannot survive alone
Mutualisme
Komensalisme
Parasitisme