PROJECT IN CHEM Marc Ralph Solomon

Shaine Dominique santos

27.1 Group 9 WAB

LOD AND LOQ
WHAT IS LOD?
o Also known as limit of detection, minimal detection
value or, Detection limit.
oLOD is the minimum detectable (true) value. (IUPAC)
oLOD is the lowest analyte concentration that is
significantly different from a blank sample (harris)
WHAT IS LOD
o It is given by the equation:

where,
WHAT IS LOD
oThe standard deviation of the blank sample is a measure of noise
that may be due to instrumental errors or other factors
oThe usual confidence factor that is used is 2 or 3.
oTo successfully differentiate the analyte from the blank, the analyte
signal should be at least 2 or 3 times the noise of a blank sample.
oThis validation technique is very useful in comparing the accuracy
different analytical methods
WHAT IS LOQ
oAlso known as the limit of quantification or quantification limit.
o LOQ is the lowest concentration that can be measured with
reasonable accuracy (Harris et al)
o It is the lowest concentration that can not only detectable but can
also be accurately measured
oTo find the LOQ, the analyte signal should be at least 10 times the
noise of a blank signal
WHAT IS LOQ
It is given by the equation:

where,
F-TEST
F-TEST
An F test is run in a very particular situation: when you want to
compare twovariances.
The test compares theratioof two variances.
If the variances are equal, the ratio of the variances will equal 1.
For example, if you had two data sets with asample1 variance of
10 and a sample 2 variance of 10, the ratio would be 10/10 = 1.
BIAS
WHAT IS BIAS?
oBias is the tendency to over estimate of under estimate a
parameter in a sample or population
o A measurement is biased if it does not truly reflect the parameter
of a sample.
oIt measures the systematic errors associated with analysis
HOW TO COMPUTE FOR
BIAS?
It is given by the equation

the experimental mean that contains systematic error

NULL HYPOTHESIS
AND HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
WHAT IS A NULL
HYPOTHESIS
oIn statistics, a null hypothesis states that set of measurements that are being
compared to are the same.
oIt assumes that differences in measurements are caused by random errors
oNull hypothesis can be tested through several tests (e.g. z-test, t-test, ANOVA)
oThe null hypothesis is represented by

where is the null hypothesis

is the experimental mean value
is the accepted value
oIt is rejected when the difference is greater than 5%
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
A procedure, based on sample evidence and probability theory
Used to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable
statement and should not be rejected, or is unreasonable and
should be rejected.
STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
1. State the null hypothesis and the
alternate hypothesis.
1. Null Hypothesis statement about the
value of a population parameter.
2. Alternate Hypothesis statement that is
accepted if evidence proves null
hypothesis to be false.
STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
2. Select the appropriate test
statistic and level of significance.

When testing a hypothesis of a proportion,

we use the z-statistic or z-test and the
formula
STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
When testing a hypothesis of a mean, we use the z-statistic or
we use the t-statistic according to the following conditions.
If the population standard deviation, , is known and either
the data is normally distributed or the sample size n > 30,
we use the normal distribution (z-statistic).
STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
When the population standard deviation, , is unknown and
either the data is normally distributed or the sample size is
greater than 30 (n > 30), we use the t-distribution (t-statistic).
A traditional guideline for choosing the level of significance is as
follows: (a) the 0.10 level for political polling, (b) the 0.05 level for
consumer research projects, and (c) the 0.01 level for quality
assurance work.
STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
3. State the decision rules.

The decision rules state the conditions under

which the null hypothesis will be accepted or
rejected. The critical value for the test-statistic
is determined by the level of significance. The
critical value is the value that divides the non-
reject region from the reject region.
STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
4. Compute the appropriate test
statistic and make the decision.
When we use the z-statistic, we use the
formula
STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
4. Compute the appropriate test
statistic and make the decision.
When we use the t-statistic, we use the
formula
STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
4. Compute the appropriate test statistic
and make the decision.

Compare the computed test statistic with

critical value. If the computed value is within
the rejection region(s), we reject the null
hypothesis; otherwise, we do not reject the null
hypothesis.
STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
5. Interpret the decision.

Based on the decision in Step 4, we

state a conclusion in the context of
the original problem.
REJECTION REGION
The rejection region is a part of the testing
process.
Specifically, it is an area of probability that
tells you if your theory (your hypothesis) is
probably true, or probably not true.
REJECTION REGION
Atwo tailed test, with two rejection regions,
would be used when you want to know if theres a
difference in both directions (greater thanandless
than).

if your statement asksIs theaveragegrowth rate

greater than 10cm a day?thats a one tailed
test, because you are only interested in one
direction (greater than 10cm a day).
ANOVA
WHAT IS ANOVA?
o Also known as analysis of variance
oA statistical tool used in determining difference of several
population mean values
oVariance analysis compares different variances to find which
specific mean differ from other population mean values comparing
variances
oWill help you decide if you will accept the null hypothesis or
alternate hypothesis
WHEN TO USE ANOVA
oUse ANOVA to find out differences between groups
oExample application:
oWill using different analytical methods affect % yield of the sample?
oIs there a difference in the results of 3 different analyst in the yield of the sample
by using same methods?
oOne-way ANOVA is used in these situations.
TYPES OF ANOVA
oOne-way ANOVA
oUsed to compare measurements from an experiment with only one variable
oUsually used in analytical chemistry
oTests null hypothesis

oTwo-way ANOVA
oUsed to compare measurements from an experiment with two variables
oUsed to examine interactions between the 2 variables
ANOVA
HOW TO USE ANOVA?
Basic concepts:
1. Factor
Independent variable
common characteristic
E.x. solvent, analyst, method, pH
2. Level
Different groups in the same independent variable
Analyst 1, analyst2, method 1, pH2, pH3
3. Response
Measurements to be compared
Ex. Amount Ca, % yield
HOW TO USE ANOVA
!. Calculate mean values and the grand mean

2. create ANOVA table

HOW TO USE ANOVA
3. Compute for the sums of squares (SS)
SS of treatment: sum of squares of variance between treatment groups
SS residue: sum of squares of variance within treatment groups
SS total is the sum of SS treatment and SS residue

4. Compute for MS (mean square)

5. Compute for F-value

HOW TO USE ANOVA

6. Analyze
Test hypothesis
Compare treatment and residue
F value tells the distance between the value and hypotenuse
ANOVA PROBLEMS
ANOVA PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
Skoog, D.,West, D, Holler, F., Crouch, S. (2013). Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 9th Ed. Cengage Learning Brooks/Cole. United States.
Christian, G. (2004). Analytical Chemistry 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
United States.
Harris, D. C. (2007).Quantitative chemical analysis. New York, NY: W.H.
Freeman and Co.
Statistics and probability dictionary. Retrieved from
http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=Bias
How to calculate anova table. Retrieved from
https://stat.ethz.ch/education/semesters/as2013/anova/ANOVA_how_to_do
.pdf
ASSIGNMENT