Unit-I

Switched Capacitor Circuits

Lecture-1
Introduction to Switched Capacitor
Filter

Dr Vikas Maheshwari
Associate Professor, ECED
 Introduction
Generally all the Analog Signal Processing systems are designed
by using continuous time circuits consisting of resistors,
capacitors and op-amps.
Due to absolute tolerance of resistors and capacitors in standard
CMOS technologies, these circuits are not enough to perform
most of the analog signal processing functions.
Therefore analog sampled data techniques are used to replace
resistor by using MOS switches.
The resulting circuits containing capacitors, MOS switches and
op-amp only, are called Switched Capacitor Circuits.
Switched Capacitor Circuits are used in most of the analog signal
processing techniques because of the accuracy of the processing
function is proportional to the accuracy of capacitor ratios.
CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari
 Introduction..
Advantages of Switched Capacitor Circuits
1.) Compatibility with CMOS technology
2.) Good accuracy of time constants
3.) Good voltage linearity
4.) Good temperature characteristics

Disadvantages of Switched Capacitor Circuits

1.) Experience clock feed-through
2.) Require a non-overlapping clock
3.) Bandwidth of the signal must be less than the clock
frequency.
CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari
 Basic Building Blocks
1. MOS Switch
An Ideal type enhancement type NMOS switch has the
following design goals
In the on state (Vgs >Vt), it passes signal from drain to source
without attenuation.
In the off state (Vgs <Vt), signal is not passed from drain to
source.
Transition between on and off states are instantaneous.

CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari

 Basic Building Blocks
1. MOS Switch.

Figure2 . Response of Sampling Circuit to different input levels

CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari

 Basic Building Blocks
1. MOS Switch.
If a MOS switch is used to connect two circuits that can have
analog signal that vary from 0 to 5V, what must be the value of
the bulk and gate voltages for the switch to work properly?

To insure that the bulk-source and bulk-drain pn junctions are

reverse biased, the bulk voltage must be less than the minimum
analog signal for a NMOS switch.
To insure that the switch is on, the gate voltage must be greater
than the maximum analog signal plus the threshold for a NMOS
switch.
CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari
 Basic Building Blocks
1. MOS Switch.

CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari

 Basic Building Blocks
1. MOS Switch.
CMOS SWITCHES (TRANSMISSION GATE)

Advantages:
Feed-through somewhat diminished
Larger dynamic range
Lower ON resistance

Disadvantages:
Requires a complementary clock
Requires more area

CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari

 Basic Building Blocks
SUMMARY OF MOS SWITCHES
Symmetrical switching characteristics
High OFF resistance
Moderate ON resistance (OK for most applications)
Clock feed through is proportional to size of switch (W) and
inversely proportional to switching capacitors.
Output offset due to clock feed through has 3 components:
Ideal
Input dependent
Input independent
Complementary switches help increase dynamic range.
As power supply reduces, switches become more difficult to fully
turn on.

CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari

 Basic Building Blocks..
2. Non-Overlapping Clocks

Figure3 . Non-overlapping Clocks

Non-overlapping clocks: both clocks are never on at the same time.

Clock frequency is same but both are out of phase.
The duty cycle of the clock must be less than 50% to ensure non-
overlapping clocks.

CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari

 Basic Building Blocks..
3. Double-Poly Capacitors

Figure 4. Cross-Sectional View of Double Ploy Capacitor and its equivalent circuit
Substantial parasitics with large bottom plate capacitance (20
percent of C1).
Also, metal-metal capacitors are used but have even larger
parasitic capacitances.
CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari
Switched Capacitor as
Resistor

Figure 5. Resistor Equivalence of Switched Capacitor

Figure 6. Simplified Functional Representation of Switched Capacitor Resistor

CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari

Properties of Switched Capacitor Circuits
Popular due to accurate frequency response, good linearity
and dynamic range.
Easily analyzed with z-transform.
Typically require aliasing and smoothing filters
Accuracy is obtained since filter coefficients are determined
from capacitance ratios, and relative matching is good in
CMOS.
The overall frequency response remains a function of the
clock, and the frequency may be set very precisely through
the use of a crystal oscillator.
SC-techniques may be used to realize other signal processing
blocks like for example gain stages, voltage controlled
oscillators and modulators.
CMSD:Dr Vikas Maheshwari