ENGR-36 Lec-18 Fa12 Beams-1 H13e

Engineering 36
Chp 10:
Beams-1
Bruce Mayer, PE
Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

1 BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-36_Lec-18_Beams-1.pptx
Introduction
In Previous Chapters We Examined
Determining External Forces Acting
On A Structure
Loads & Reactions
Determining Forces Which Hold Together
The Various Members Of A Structure
Trusses & Machines (at PIN Joints)
Next, We Learn How to Determine The
Internal Forces Which Hold Together
The Various Parts Of A Given Member
Introduction (2)
The Four Types of INTERNAL Forces
Present in Structural Members
Tension or Compression
Shear
Bending
Torsion/Twisting
The Subsquent Analyses do Not

Consider Torsion Loads
For More Torsion Info See ENGR45
Introduction (3)
Examine in Detail Two Important
Types Of Engineering Structures:
1. BEAMS - usually long, straight, prismatic
(constant cross-section) members
designed to support loads applied at
various points along the member
2. CABLES - flexible members capable of
withstanding only tension, designed to
support concentrated or distributed loads

Internal Forces in Members
(a) Straight two-
force member AB is
in equilibrium under
application of
F and F.
(b) Internal Forces Also
equivalent to F and Called N
F are required for
equilibrium of
free-bodies AC and VIRTUAL
CB. Section
Internal Forces in Members (2)
Multiforce member
ABCD is in equil-
ibrium under the FBD
application of cable
and member (pin)
contact forces. VIRTUAL
INTERNAL forces Section J
equivalent to a FORCE-
COUPLE (F/V-M) system are
necessary for equilibrium of
free-bodies JD and ABCJ
Internal Forces in Members (3)
An internal FORCE-COUPLE (F/V-M or N/V-M)

system is required for equilibrium of TWO-
FORCE members which are NOT STRAIGHT
Example: Beam in Frame
Given 3-Member
Structure at Left
Determine the
INTERNAL forces in
a) member ACF at
point J
b) member BCD at
point K
Note
arctan 4.8m 2 2.7 m
41.7
Cut member ACF at J.
The internal forces at J are
represented by equivalent
force-couple (F/V-M or N/V-
M) system which is
determined by considering
equilibrium of either cut part.
Cut member BCD at K.
Determine force-couple
Solution Plan: (F/V-M or N/V-M) system
equivalent to internal forces
Compute Rcns and at K by applying equilibrium
Forces at conditions to either cut part.
connections for
each member
First Determine External Rcns
& Connection-Forces
Consider the ENTIRE Frame
as a rigid Free Body
M E 0 2400 N 3.6 m F 4.8 m 0

F 1800 N
F y 0 2400 N 1800 N E y 0
E y 600 N
F x 0 Ex 0
Consider Link Member BCD
as a Free Body
M B 0
2400 N 3.6 m C y 2.4 m 0
C y 3600 N
M C 0
2400 N 1.2 m B y 2.4 m 0
B y 1200 N
F x 0 Dont Know (yet)

Bx C x 0 Bruce Mayer, PE
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics
Consider ABE as a Free Body
MA 0: Bx 2.7 m 0 Bx 0
Fx 0 : B x Ax 0 Ax 0
Fy 0 : Ay B y 600 N 0 Ay 1800 N
1800 N Recall from Member BCD

0 Fx 0 Bx C x 0
But from Above Bx = 0
0
C x 0
3600 N ALL Forces on ACF are
now KNOWN Bruce Mayer, PE
Cut member ACF at J
The internal forces at J are
represented by an equivalent
force-couple system
Consider Free Body AJ
MJ 0:
1800 N 1.2 m M 0 M 2160 N m
Fx 0 :
F 1800 N cos 41.7 0 F N 1344 N
Fy 0 :
V 1800 N sin 41.7 0 V 1197 N
Cut member BCD at K
Determine a force-couple system
equivalent to internal forces at K
Consider Free Body BK
MK 0:
1200 N 1.5 m M 0 M 1800 N m
Fx 0 : F N 0
Fy 0 :
1200 N V 0 V 1200 N

3D Internal Forces
Full 3D Loading: Axial Force, Ny
Torsional Moment,
My
TOTAL Shear
Magnitude
Vtot Vx2 Vz2
TOTAL Bending
Moment Magnitude
For Structural
M tot M x2 M z2
Analysis (ENGR45)
need:
Beam What is it?
Beam Structural member
designed to support loads applied
at various points along its length
Beams can be subjected to
CONCENTRATED loads or
DISTRIBUTED loads or a
COMBINATION of both.
Beam Design is 2-Step Process
1. Determine Axial & Shearing Forces and Bending Moments

Produced By Applied Loads
2. Select Structural Cross-section & Material Best Suited To
Resist SHEARING-Forces and BENDING-Moments
Beam Loading and Supports
Beams are classified according to the Support

Method(s); e.g., Simply-Supported, Cantilever
Reactions at beam supports are Determinate
if they involve exactly THREE unknowns.
Otherwise, they are Statically INdeterminate
Shear & Bending-Moment
Goal = determine bending
moment and shearing force at
any point, say C, in a beam
subjected to concentrated
and distributed loads
Determine reactions at
supports by treating whole
beam as a free-body.
Cut beam at C and draw free-
body diagrams for AC and CB
exposing V-M System
From equilibrium
considerations, determine
M & V or M & V.
Bruce Mayer, PE
2D V & M Sign Conventions
Consider a Typical- Next Consider a
Case (Gravity) Virtual Section
Loaded Simply- Located at C
Supported Beam DEFINE this Case
with the as POSITIVE
X-Axis Origin Shear, V
Conventionally The Virtual Member
Located at the LEFT LEFT of the Cut is
pushed DOWN by the
C
P Right Virtual Member
x Moment, M
The Beam takes
BOWL Shape
2D V & M Sign Conventions (2)
Positive Shear
Right Member
Pushes DOWN on
Left Member
Positive Bending
Beam Concave UP
POSITIVE Internal
Forces, V & M
Note that at a Virtual
Section the Vs & Ms
MUST Balance
V & M Diagrams LOAD Diagram
With the Signs of

V&M Defined we
Can now Determine
the MAGNITUDE Kinks at Load-
Application Points
and SENSE for V&M
at ANY arbitrary
Virtual-Cut Location SHEAR Diagram
PLOTTING V&M vs.
x Yields the Stacked
Load-Shear-Moment MOMENT Diagram
(LVM) Diagram
Build V&M Diagram
a) Determine reactions at supports
b) Cut beam at C (dist x) and
consider left member AC
V P 2 M P 2 x
c) Cut beam at E and consider
right member EB
V ' P 2 M ' P 2 L x
d) Plot V vs x
e) Plot M vs x
) Note: For a beam subjected to
CONCENTRATED LOADS,
shear is CONSTANT between
loading points and moment
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics varies LINEARLY Bruce Mayer, PE
Example: Torqued Beam
Solution Plan
Taking entire beam
as free-body,
calculate reactions at
A and B.
Determine equivalent
internal force-couple
For the Given Load systems at sections
cut within segments
& Geometry, Draw AC, CD, and DB
the shear and Plot Results
bending moment
diagrams for the
beam AB
Taking entire beam as a
free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
MA 0:
B y 32 in. 480 lb 6 in. 400 lb 22 in. 0
B y 365 lb
MB 0:
480 lb 26 in. 400 lb10 in. A 32 in. 0
A 515 lb
Fx 0 : Bx 0
Note that the 400 lb load at E may be REPLACED

by a 400 lb force and 1600 in-lb couple at D
Evaluate equivalent internal
force-couple systems at
sections cut within segments
AC, CD, and DB
For AC use Cut-1
Fy 0 : 515 40 x V 0
V 515 40 x
M1 0 : 515 x 40 x 12 x M 0
M 515x 20 x 2

AC, CD, and DB
For CD use Cut-2
Fy 0 : 515 480 V 0
V 35 lb
M 2 0 : 515x 480 x 6 M 0
M 35 lb x 2880 lb in

AC, CD, and DB
For DB Use Cut-3
Fy 0 : 515 480 400 V 0

V 365 lb
M 3 0:
515x 480 x 6 1600 400 x 18 M 0
M 11,680 lb in 365 lb x
Plot Results
From A to C:
V 515 40 x
M 515x 20 x 2
From C to D
V 35 lb
M 35 x 2880
From D to B
V 365 lb
M 11,680 365 x
Note that over A-C The Bending-Moment Equation is
SECOND Order, and Concave DOWN
Axial Forces
In Civil Engineering Most
Beams are loaded Transversely
Relative to the Beam Axis
Most Beams do NOT have AXIAL Loads
In ME however, many beam-like
structures (e.g., Shafts) have significant
axial loads that accompany the
transverse Shear-Force and
Bending-Moment
Axial Force Diagram
When Significant
Axial Loads are
present in a Beam,
An AXIAL-Force
Diagram is added to
the typical V&M
Diagrams
The N Diagram is
typically placed
ABOVE the
V-diagram
Axial-Force
Diagram

WhiteBoard Work
Lets Work
These Nice
Problems

Engineering 36
Appendix
Bruce Mayer, PE
Registered Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu

Bent Bar Prob
Determine at Pt-C the
magnitudes of
Axial Force
Shear Force
Bending Moment
Torsional Moment
The Moment on the
AC Axis

Beam Prob
For the Beam with
Loading a shown:
Draw the SHEAR
and BENDING-
MOMENT
Diagrams
Determine the Largest-Magnitude Bending-
Moment and its Location


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Engineering 36

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

The Subsquent Analyses do Not

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

An internal FORCE-COUPLE (F/V-M or N/V-M)

M E 0 2400 N 3.6 m F 4.8 m 0

F x 0 Dont Know (yet)

1800 N Recall from Member BCD

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

1. Determine Axial & Shearing Forces and Bending Moments

Beams are classified according to the Support

With the Signs of

Note that the 400 lb load at E may be REPLACED

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Fy 0 : 515 480 400 V 0

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

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