Network Devices

Repeaters, hubs, bridges,

switches, routers, NICs

Course: : Computer Networks

Devices and the layers at
which they operate

Layer Name of Layer Device

3 Network Routers, layer 3
switches

2 Data Link Switches,

bridges, NICs

1 Physical Hubs
NICs
(Network Interface Cards)
ThisNIC has interfaces for twisted pair,
thicknet, and thinnet connectors.
Repeaters
Signal attenuation or signal loss signal degrades over
distance
Repeaters clean, amplify, and resend signals that are
weakened by long cable length.
Built-in to hubs or switches
A repeater connects two segments of your network cable.
Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the
signal.
This can cause a propagation delay which can affect
network communication when there are several repeaters
in a row.
Hubs
OSI layer 1 hardware
Hubs regenerate and retime network signals
Hubs propagate signals through the network
They cannot filter network traffic
They cannot determine best path
They are used as network concentration points
They are really multi-port repeaters
Uplink port crossover mode or straight through
mode
Bridges
A layer 2 device designed to create two or
more LAN segments, each of which is a
separate collision domain.
The purpose is to filter traffic on a LAN, to
keep local traffic local, yet allow connectivity
to other segments of the network.
Filter traffic by looking at the MAC address

Frame filtering
Bridges
Ifthe frame is addressed to a MAC address
on the local side of the bridge, it is not
forwarded to the other segment
MAC addresses on the other segment are
forwarded
Bridges maintain a MAC address table for
both segments they are connected to
Cycle of bridges
Bridgednetwork can span many segments
Broadcasts are sent to all segments
Bridges
Distributed Spanning Tree
Ifall bridges forward broadcasts, infinite
loops can occur
Bridges perform DST on boot to determine
which bridges will not forward broadcasts
Switched networks
Shared ethernet networks perform best when
kept to 30-40 percent full capacity
This is a result of CSMA/CD

A LAN switch is a high-speed multiport bridge

which segments each port into its own
collision domain and can access the full
bandwidth
Devices and the layers at
which they operate

Layer Name of Layer Device

3 Network Routers, layer 3
switches

2 Data Link Switches,

bridges, NICs

1 Physical Hubs
Switches
Each port is a simulated segment to itself
Store and Forward Switches
Do error checking on each frame after the entire
frame has arrived into the switch
If the error checking algorithm determines there is
no error, the switch looks in its MAC address table
for the port to which to forward the destination
device
Highly reliable because doesnt forward bad frames
Slower than other types of switches because it holds
on to each frame until it is completely received to
check for errors before forwarding
Cut Through Switch
Faster than store and forward because
doesnt perform error checking on frames
Reads address information for each frame as
the frames enter the switch
After looking up the port of the destination
device, frame is forwarded
Forwards bad frames
Performance penalty because bad frames cant be
used and replacement frames must be sent which
creates additional traffic
Fragment free cut through
switch
Combines speed of cut through switch with
error checking functionality
Forwards all frames initially, but determines
that if a particular port is receiving too many
bad frames, it reconfigures the port to store
and forward mode
Preferred switching solution
Unmanaged/Intelligent
switches
Unmanaged provides LANs with all the
benefits of switching
Fine in small networks
Intelligent switches tracks and reports LAN
performance statistics
Have a database ASIC (application specific
integrated circuit) on board to collect and
store data which you view through a software
interface
Layer 3 switch
By definition a switch filters or forwards frames
based on MAC addresses. This makes a switch a
layer 2 device.
Now we have layer 3 switches which have routing
capability. If a data frame cant be switched it is
routed.
Each port is a separate LAN port, but the forwarding
engine actually calculates and stores routes based
on IP addresses, not MAC addresses
Usually support only IP or IP and IPX
VLAN Switches
Virtual local area network
Each port on a switch defines a collision domain
The entire switch forms a single broadcast domain
VLANs can define multiple broadcast domains
Network traffic that is directed to all computers on
the network can be segmented to transmit only on a
specific VLAN.
Improves bandwidth on a the VLANs because each
VLAN filters the network-to-network broadcast traffic
as well as the collision traffic from other VLANs
End
Physical Layer Broadcast
Physicallayer broadcasts implemented by
non-switched Ethernet networks through
shared cabling and hubs
Each bit that is transmitted is physically received
by every station
Switches and VLANs dont do physical layer
broadcasts
MAC-level broadcast
MAC-level broadcast deal with how to handle
MAC level broadcast frames; that is the data frames
that have a broadcast destination MAC address
MAC-level broadcast frames are addressed to all
MAC addresses on a given network (not a network
segment, but an actual network as defined by its
network address)
A regular switch forwards all broadcast frames out
all ports, but a VLAN switch forwards broadcast
frames only to ports that are part of the same VLAN
Multiple switches can be part of the same VLAN
VLAN Switches
None of the VLANs can communicate unless
each VLAN is connected to a router or layer 3
switch
Each VLAN is separating collision traffic
associated with MAC Addresses (layer 2) and
each VLAN is separating the network-to-
network broadcast traffic. In other words each
VLAN is acting as a separate network so a
layer 3 device is necessary for them to
communicate
GATEWAYS
A gateway is a network element that acts as an entrance
point to another network.
For example an access gateway is a gateway between
telephony network and other network such as internet.
In computer networking and telecommunications,
a gateway is a component that is part of two networks,
which use different protocols.
The gateway will translate one protocol into the other.
Arouter is a special case of a gateway.
GATEWAYS
A gateway is generally a work station or
server. It is a two-way path between
networks. It is used to connect different types
of networks.
Gateway is a work station by which we can

make out connection between external

network and internal network.
Gateway belongs to transport layer and

application layer of the OSI model.

GATEWAYS
Gateways also connect the two networks even
if the protocols are different.
So protocol conversion is also done by

gateways.
It simply stripped off the old protocol and

assigns new protocol to the packets, so it is

also called protocol translator.
Because it takes it time for protocol

conversion, it is little bit slower.

GATEWAY CONNECTING TWO
NETWORKS
ADVANTAGES OF GATEWAYS:
Used to expand the network.

Gateway is a server so it provides some security.

We can connect two different types of networks.

Protocol conversion is done.

Effectively handles the traffic problems.

And also establishes connections between internal network and external

network.
DISADVANTAGES OF GATEWAY:
Not an intelligent device. So noise prevention is not done.

Never filter out the data

Some what costly

Protocol conversion is done so transmission rate is slower.

Some what hard to handle.