Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- Source of heat
- Heat transfer
- Steam and electricity as heating media
- Determination of requirement of amount of
steam/electrical energy
- Steam pressure
- Mathematical problems on heat transfer
1
What is Heat?
2
What is Heat?
3
Units of Heat
The SI unit is the joule (J),
which is equal to Newton-metre (Nm).
Historically, heat was measured in terms of the ability
to raise the temperature of water.
The calorie (cal): amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gramme of water by 1 C0 (from
14.50C to 15.50C)
In industry, the British thermal unit (Btu) is still used:
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb
of water by 1 F0 (from 630F to 640F)
4
Conversion between different
units of heat:
5
Sensible Heat
What is 'sensible heat?
6
Specific Heat Capacity
To raise the temperature by 1 K, different
substances need different amount of energy because
substances have different molecular configurations
and bonding (eg: copper, water, wood)
The amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K is known
as the specific heat capacity
Specific heat capacity is denoted by c
7
Calculation of Sensible Heat
Q = m c T cannot be used.
Instead, we use the following equation:
Q = H = m h
where H is the enthalpy change in the substance
and h is the specific enthalpy change in the substance.
10
Exchange of Heat
Calculate the final temperature (tf), when 100 g iron at 80oC is
tossed into 53.5g of water at 25oC.
Data: c = 0.452 J/g oC for iron and 4.186 J/g oC for water
12
Phases of Matter
13
Phase Change
Heat required for phase changes:
Melting: solid liquid
Vaporization: liquid vapour
Sublimation: solid vapour
Prof. R. Shanthini 14
5 & 12 March 2012
Phase Diagram: Water
15
Phase Diagram: Water
Compressed liquid
Saturated liquid
Superheated
steam
Saturated steam
16
Phase Diagram: Water
Explain why water is at liquid
state at atm pressure
17
Phase Diagram: Carbon Dioxide
Explain why CO2 is at gas state
at atm pressure
18
Latent Heat
Latent heat is the amount of heat added per unit mass of
substance during a phase change
19
Water:
Specific Heat Capacities and Latent Heats
Specific heat of ice 2.06 J/g K (assumed constant)
Heat of fusion for ice/water 334 J/g (assumed constant)
Specific heat of water 4.18 J/g K (assumed constant)
Latent heat of vaporization cannot be assumed a
constant since it changes significantly with the pressure,
and could be found from the Steam Table
How to evaluate the sensible heat gained (or lost) by
superheated steam?
20
Water:
Specific Heat Capacities and Latent Heats
How to evaluate the sensible heat gained (or lost) by
superheated steam?
Q = m c T
cannot be used since changes in c with changing
temperature is NOT negligible.
Instead, we use the following equation:
Q = H = m h
provided the system is at constant pressure and the
associated volume change is negligible.
Reference:
Chapter 6 of Thermodynamics for Beginners with worked
examples by R. Shanthini
(published by Science Education Unit, Faculty of Science,
University of Peradeniya)
(also uploaded at http://www.rshanthini.com/PM3125.htm)
22
Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?
-20oC ice
23
Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?
24
Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?
25
Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?
Specific heat
26
Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?
Specific heat required to raise the temperature of ice from -20oCto 0oC
= (2 kg) (2.06 kJ/kg oC) [0 - (-20)]oC = 82.4 kJ
27
Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?
Latent heat required to turn water into steam at 120.2oC and at 2 bar
= (2 kg) (2202 kJ/kg) = 4404 kJ
[Latent heat of vapourization at 2 bar is 2202 kJ/kg as could be
referred to from the Steam Table]
= 6285.3 kJ
29