Revising Failure of Second Crusade Powerpoint

LO: To revise why The Second
Crusade Failed
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to
- Describe the key reasons E-D
- Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
- Judge the most important reasons A-A*
Describe the key reasons E-D
LO: To revise why The Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Second Crusade Failed Judge the most important reasons A-A
Task: Once you are in and

Settled
On your desk is a
fact test.
You have 5 minutes!
Go!
1) Name two treaties between the Muslims 11) Describe the tax on Muslims
and the Franks established by Outremer

2) Who died in 1104, leaving divisions in 12) Name the settlements built around
Damascus Outremer

3) Describe the strength of the army of 13) Who did Baldwin allow to stay in Sidon
Jerusalem in 1115 in 1111?

4) What was the response of Baghdad to a 14) What did Fulcher say of integration in
plea for help from Damascus in 1100? 1115?

5) Who helped Baldwin I capture Arsuf in 15) Name three ports captured by Baldwin
1101? I and their dates of Capture

6) Which year was the supporting Crusade 16) Which city surrendered quickly in 1104
launched by Pope Paschal II and who was after Baldwins slaughter of Caesarea?
on it? (three names)
17) What did Baldwin give his nobles
7) At what battle did Stephen of Blois instead of Land?
rescue Baldwin I?
18) How many settlements and fortified
8) Name the treaty signed with Venice in sites were constructed?
1124
19) How many castles were built 1099-
9) How many knights did Fulcher of 1115?
Chartres say were in the Kingdom in 1101?
1) Name two treaties between the Muslims 10 Where had the Normans previously
and the Franks conquered?
Ridwan of Allepo and Tancred of Antioch, Roger Sicily 1191.
of Antioch and Muslims living around Antioch. 11) Describe the tax on Muslims
established by Outremer
2) Who died in 1104, leaving divisions in Poll tax of one Dinar.
Damascus 12) Name the settlements built around
Duqaq of Damascus Outremer
3) Describe the strength of the army of Villeneuves
Jerusalem in 1115 13) Who did Baldwin allow to stay in Sidon
6000 men, 1000 knights, 5000 Turkopoles in 1111?
Muslim Farmers who were useful.
4) What was the response of Baghdad to a
plea for help from Damascus in 1100? 14) What did Fulcher say of integration in
They ignored it, too busy fighting with each 1115?
other. We who were Occidentals have now been made
Orientals
5) Who helped Baldwin I capture Arsuf in
1101? 15) Name three ports captured by Baldwin
The Genoese I and their dates of Capture
Arsuf 1101, Beirut 1110, Sidon 1111, Acre 1104
6) Which year was the supporting Crusade 16) Which city surrendered quickly in 1104
launched by Pope Paschal II and who was after Baldwins slaughter of Caesarea?
on it? (three names) Acre
1101, Stephen of Blois, Hugh of Vermandois, 17) What did Baldwin give his nobles
Wulf of Bavaria instead of Land?
7) At what battle did Stephen of Blois Money fiefs
rescue Baldwin I? 18) How many settlements and fortified
So what are the key things we need to
Know about the Second Crusade?
Circumstances in Outremer in 1130s and 1140s
Rise of Zengi and the development of Jihad
Taking of Edessa (1144)
Bernard of Clairvaux and the call for Second

Crusade
Reasons for the failure of the Second

Crusade; events in Anatolia, Antioch, Acre
(11471148); siege of Damascus (1148)
The Islamic response to the Second Crusade;
The impact of the failure of the Second

Crusade on the West, Outremer and the
Islamic world.
Some comparisons can be drawn with First

Crusade
What has been asked before?
Explain why Bernard of Clairvaux How important was Muslim unity to
preached the Second Crusade. the failure of the Second Crusade?
How important was a lack of clear Explain why Bernard of Clairvaux

aims in explaining the failure of the preached the Second Crusade
Second Crusade?
plain why Edessa was captured in 1144 How far was Bernard of Clairvaux
responsible for the failure of the
Explain why Pope Eugenius III called Second Crusade
the Second Crusade
How far was the failure of the Second

Crusade the responsibility of the
Franks of
Outremer?
How far was the failure of the Second
Crusade due to the lack of help from
Byzantium?
Explain why Byzantium was hostile to
the Second Crusade.
What are the key areas we have to discuss?
Muslim Unity Lack of Clear Aims
Relations with Failure of

the Weak Leadership
Crusader States Second
Crusade
Logistical
Lack of Byzantine Help
Difficulties
Lack of Clear Aims

um Praedecessores mentioned Edessa but did not explicitly say city should be re
Bull did not name Zenghi as an enemy of the Crusader States
challenge to defend Jerusalem and imitate deeds of the First Crusade.
f clarity from Quantum Praedecessores led to arguments between leaders.
Crusades launched against the Wends in Baltic and Muslims in Iberia.
e meant different things to different groups against Jews in Germany, pagans
Europe, Muslims in southern Spain and Muslims in Lisbon.
desired spiritual reward in return for service, not through a desire to rescue the
is VII at Vitry, Conrad III wished to demonstrate Piety and Prestige. Alfonso VII of
d Almeria in Spain
rd of Clairvaux supported Crusade against the Muslims of Lisbon.
d and Louis pursuing separate agendas to those of the Crusader States.
ond of Antioch wanted campaign against Aleppo and Shaizar to secure Antioch
ion to attack Damascus debated as a poor one.
Weak Leadership
I provided weak leadership in the journey through Anatolia where he failed to ma
ne, and then abandoned his army at Attalia. He made significant mistakes at Anti
e refused to aid Raymond in attacking Aleppo. He can also be criticised for his ro
ecision to attack Damascus in July 1148 and then shift the siege army. Although
mained in Jerusalem until Easter 1149 he attempted nothing more.
f supplies leads to breakdown in discipline in Louis army. Could not stop viol
ance of Louis VII and Conrad III meant they did not consult with Outremer.
anding journey through Anatolia, nobles demand council with Conrad and agree t
ck, a humiliating retreat! When back at Nicea many returned home.
VII defeat at Mount Cadmus, army harrassed by Turkish Archers, Louis barely es
Cadmus Louis handed over running of the entire French Army to Templars.
abandons army at Adalia January 1148 and sailed on to Syria with his knights. M
eft behind died of starvation or at hands of Turkish archers.
d III arrives by himself at Acre, having sailed from Constantinople.
of Louis VII lacks equipment and men for siege warfare, worrying about cost of c
ad blamed failure of Crusade on Baldwin III, intended to shift blame from himself.
Lack of Byzantine Help

rench accused the Emperor Manuel of colluding with the Turks. Some French wan
onstantinople according to Odo of Deuil.
ct with Roger of Sicily meant Roger unlikely to help the Germans.
usade was an inconvenience and so the Emperor gave it little encouragement. M
ul alliance with the Sultan of Rum Masud, which was threatened by the Crusade
ium had to co-exist peacefully with the Turks once the crusaders had been and g
had little incentive to aid the crusaders having seen how Baldwin and Bohemond
to restore territory to Byzantium during the First Crusade.
tions of the crusaders in pillaging Greek towns led to Manuel refusing to provide
and ordering his troops to defend his people Greeks ended up fighting fellow
ns, weakening the crusader force.
e limited aid to the Germans (guides and troops) with the result that 90% of Con
s wiped out near Dorylaeum.
ed to provide more than a couple of ships when Louis needed transport to Antioc
ouiss army then travelled on by foot and was destroyed by the Turks.
l was more concerned with Byzantiums position within the region than the fate o
ates.
ncern was the Normans in Sicily, to which end he had made an alliance with Germ
nd the Papacy. The Crusade shattered this proposal.
8 Manuel and Conrad renewed their vow to attack Sicily.
Relations with Crusader States

mond of Antioch realises Crusaders unlikely to attempt to take Edessa.
is point Edessa empty and in ruins. Raymond had rivalry with Count Joscelin.
mond of Antioch wanted campaign against Aleppo and Shaizar to secure Antioch.
VII refuses Raymonds request.
aders and Antioch at loggerheads over Raymond's relationship with with Louis w
of Aquitaine, his niece!
une 1148 Grand Council of Acre. Baldwin III, Melisende, Conrad, Louis.
des to attack Damascus.
of Damascus sent messages to Baldwin III claiming Crusaders would take Damas
mselves. Led to divisions in camp at Damascus. Arguments over who would have
ity.
Council on 27th July, Crusaders switch their attack, allegedly on advice of Outrem
East side of Damascus just as strong and Crusaders forced into a humiliating re
ad directly blamed Baldwin II for his defeat. Said in a letter to Wibald, regent of G
bles of Jerusalem had been bribed.
Muslim Unity
age alliance between Nur al-din and Unur of Damascus had grown strength of M
.
Damascus inhabitants gather in the Great Mosque. Sacred Koran used.
dership of Unur at Damascus. Muslim force very strong.
mascus one of the holiest cities in Islam. Muslims determined to hold on to such a
tant spiritual centre. Messiah meant to arrive there on the day of judgement.
th of Zenghi led to rise of Nur al-Din. His energetic leadership saw Jihad grow.
menent appearance of reinforcements under Nur al-din
lim revival lay in greater political stability and direction of resources.
d provided a respectable ideology for Arab rulers to consolidate power.
r this Jihad conditioned the political elites to accept that, regardless of
rary politicking and truces, the Franks were ultimately an eternal enemy
expelled.
wth of Madrasas in Syria
ural and architectural revolution.
9-1146 Jihad evidence in Syria
ntier warfare with Outremer
r of Franks spread intolerance
Logistical Difficulties
harvests in 1140s meant Conrad and Louis could only raise funds from Churches
had to write to French regent Abbot Suger of Denis asking for more money shor
set off.
greements between Roger II of Sicily and Manuel I Comnenus meant support unli
ad IIIs army numbered over 30,000. Slow progress meant only 10 miles a day.
from local Byzantine markets were not enough to feed Crusaders.
combatants swelled the numbers of recruits all needed food, water and shelter.
flood near Constantinople wiped out many German men and equipment
man food ran out 10 days after they left Nicea.
ads constant foraging for food meant supply parties got attacked by Seljuk raids
VIIs army followed same route as Conrads only deepened the issues.
of Louis VII lacks equipment and men for siege warfare, worrying about cost of
ascus attacked with very little food and water.
How important was a

lack of clear aims in
explaining the failure of
the Second Crusade?
(30)

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LO: To revise why The Second

Task: Once you are in and

You have 5 minutes!

Circumstances in Outremer in 1130s and 1140s

Rise of Zengi and the development of Jihad

Taking of Edessa (1144)

Bernard of Clairvaux and the call for Second

Reasons for the failure of the Second

The Islamic response to the Second Crusade;

The impact of the failure of the Second

Some comparisons can be drawn with First

How important was a lack of clear Explain why Bernard of Clairvaux

How far was the failure of the Second

Muslim Unity Lack of Clear Aims

Relations with Failure of

Lack of Clear Aims

Lack of Byzantine Help

Relations with Crusader States

How important was a

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