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Linear Fuctions
Linear functions are straight lines in the form y = mx + c
Where m is the gradient and c gives the y intercept
* The x intercept of a line is the point at which the line crosses the x
axis.( where the y value equals 0)
* The y intercept of a line is the point a which the line crosses the y axis.
( where the x value equals 0)
Example
Find the x and y intercepts of the equation 3x + 4y = 12
To find the x intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x
3x + 4(0) = 12
3x + 0 = 12
3x = 12
x=4
To find the y intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y
3(0) + 4y = 12
0 + 4y = 12
4y = 12
Y=3
SOLVING EQUATIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY
xy =2
(6, 4)
x+ y
= 10
ELIMINATION METHOD
Two equations are simplified by adding them or subtracting them. This eliminates
one of the variables so that the other variable can be found.
Example
Consider these equations.
2x - 5y = 1
3x + 5y = 14
To add the equations , add the left side expressions and the right side expressions
separately.
2x - 5y = 1
3x + 5y = 14
_____________
(2x 5y) + (3x + 5y) = 1 + 14
Simplifying, -5y and 5y cancel out, so we have :
5x = 15
x=3
By substituting 3 for x into either of the two original equations we can find y
2x - 5y = -1
2(3) - 5y -1
y = 7/5
SUBSTITUTION METHOD
Method
Solve one of the equations for one unknown in terms of the other
Then, substitute that in the other equation
That will yield one equation in one unknown , which we can then solve.
Example
2x + y = 4 ------------------------------------------------- 1
x - y = -1 --------------------------------------------------2
x
COMPLETING THE SQUARE
Simplifying it we get
( x +6 )2 + q =
7 - (x 3) 2 - 2
2
The result is
x 2 6 x 7 ( x 3) 2 2
A SIMPLE APPROACH
ax bx c 0
2 a( x d ) 2 e 0
f ( x ) a ( x h) 2 k
Where (h,k) is the vertex of the parabola.
When written in vertex form :
(h,k) is the vertex of the parabola, and x = h is the axis of symmetry.
The h represents a horizontal shift
The k represents a vertical shift
Notice that the h value is subtracted in this form, and that the k value is added. If the
equation is 2
y 2( x 1) 5
The value of h is 1, and
2 k is 5. If the equation is .
y 3( x 4) 6
y 3(: x 2) 2 4
1.Start with the function in vertex form
h=2; k = -4
Vertex : (2, 4)
3. The line x = h is the axis of symmetry.
Draw the axis of symmetry.
x = 2 is the axis of symmetry.
4. Find two or three points on one side of the axis of symmetry,, by substituting your
chosen x- values into the
equation. For this problem, we chose(to the left of the axis of symmetry):
y 3(1 2) 2 4 1
x = 1;
y 3(0 2) 2 4 8
x = 0;
Plot (1, -1) and (0, 8)
Plot the mirror images of these points across the axis of symmetry , or plot new points on
the right side. Draw the parabola
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 x
Graphing Cubic Functions
f ( x ) ax 3 bx 2 cx d Expanded
f ( x) ( x a )( x b)( x c) Factorised
The domain of this function is the set of all real numbers. The range of f is the set of
all real numbers.
The3 y intercept of the graph of f is given by f(0) = d . The x interept(s) are found
ax bx 2
cx d 0
by solving the equation
The left hand side behaviour of the graph of the cubic function is as follows :
If the leading coefficient is positive, as x increases the graph of f is up and as x
decreases indefinitely the graph of f is down.
If the leading coefficient is negative, as x increases the graph of f is down and as x
decreases indefinitely, the graph of f is up.
Example 1: The basic cubic function is givenf by
( x) x 3
x -2 -1 0 1 2
f(x) =
x3 -8 -1 0 1 8
Also since f(-x) = -f(x), function f is odd and its graph is symmetric with respect to
the origin (0, 0)
Graph
10
8
6
4
2
(0,0)
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Circle
The definition of a unit circle is the set of all points on a plane that are a fixed
distance from a centre.
UNIT CIRCLE
If we place the circle centre at (0, 0) and set the radius to 1 we get : y
( x a ) 2 ( y b) 2 r 2
( x 0) 2 ( y 0) 2 12
x
x2 y2 1 x
Example : Plot( x 4) ( y 2) 25
2 2
*(4,2)
x
General Form
f ( x) a x
This is the exponential function
a is any value greater than 0.
Properties depend on value of a
When a = 1, the graph is horizontal line at y = 1
Apart from that there are two cases to look at:
a between 0 and 1 a
above 1
Example : f ( x) (0.5) x f ( x ) ( 2Example
)x :
As x increases, f(x) heads to 0 As x increases,
f(x) heads to infinity
As x decreases, f(x) heads to infinity As x decreases,
f(x) heads to 0
Domain : x R Domain : x R
Range : y > 0, y R Range : y >
0, y R
It has a Horizontal Asymptote along the It has a horizontal
Asymptote along the
x axis ( y = 0) x axis (y =
0)
Note : (Only) Range will change with the equation of the exponential function
A line that a curve approaches, as it heads towards infinity:
Horizontal Asymptote
Vertical Asymptote
Trigonometry
In any right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the legs.
The relationship can be stated asc 2: a 2 b 2
For any right triangle and is known as the Pythagoras theorem.
b c
C B
Example
A 13 feet ladder leans against a wall. The base of the ladder is 5 feet from the wall.
Determine how high the ladder will reach up the wall ?
13 feet wall
5 feet
Using Pythagoras theorem
c 2
a 2
b 2
13 2
5 2
x 2
169 25 x 2
169 25 x 2
144 x 2
144 x
12 x
Three Dimensional Objects
E F
2cm
A B
Work out the lengths of the diagonal AF
Solution
First use Pythagoras Theorem in triangle ABC to find length AC
AC 2 6 2 2 2
AC 40
PYHTHAGORAS THEOREM
AF 2
AC 2
CF 2
AF 2
40 32
AF 49
AF 7 cm
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
SINE, COSINE AN D TANGENT
Sine, Cosine and Tangent are the three main functions in trigonometry.
SOH/CAH/TOA is an easy way to remember Sine, Cosine and Tangent work :
SOH SINE = OPPOSITE/HYPOTENUSE
CAH COSINE = ADJACENT/HYPOTENUSE
TOA TANGENT = OPPOSITE/ADJACENT
RIGHT TRIANGLE
Opposite is opposite to angle
Adjacent is adjacent (next to) to angle
Hypotenuse is the longest side
hypotenuse adjacent
opposite
Example
What are the sine, cosine and tangent of 0
30
sin(30 ) 1 / 2 0.5
0
This section will cover how angles are drawn and also arc length and rotations
Angles are measured in a couple of different ways . The first unit of measurement is
a degree in which(degrees) is equal to one revolution.
Another unit of measurement for angles is radians.
In radians, 2 is equal to one revolution. So a conversion between radians and
degrees is :
360 0 180 0
= 2 radians or = radians
600
Convert 60 0 to radians1800 1800
We will take and multiply it by / and you will get : 60 * /
This reduces to / 3
2700
Example : Convert to radians
270/1 x /180 = 3 / 2
/6 x 180/ = 30
Cosine is just like sine, but it starts at 1 and heads down until radians (180
degrees) and then heads up again.
y
The tangent function has a completely different shape.it goes beyond negative and
positive infinity, crossing through 0( every radians, or 180 degrees) as shown on
this plot.
At /2 radians, or 90 degrees(and -/2, 3/2, etc) the function is officially undefined,
because it could be positive infinity, or negative infinity.
1.5
0.5
0
-2 -3/2 - -/2 0 /2 3/2 2
-0.5
-1
- 1.5
Graphs of a sin bx and y = a cos bx
10
0 /2
3/2 2
-10
Sine, Cosine and Tangent In Four Quadrants.
The three main functions in trigonometry are Sine, Cosine and Tangent.
They are easy to calculate:
Divide the length of one side of a right angled triangle by another side.
Hypotenuse Opposite
Adjacent
Four Quadrants
II I
-X X
III IV
-Y
EXAMPLE
2
1
30
1.732 x
Sine : sin
30( 0 ) = 1/2 = 0.5
Cosine : cos30(0 ) = -1.732/2 = -0.866
Tangent : tan( 0 ) = 1/ -1.732 = - 0.577
30
EXAMPLE 2
But in Quadrant II , the x direction is negative, and both cosine and tangent become
negative.
y
1 1500 2
300
1500
1500
Sine : sin ( 0 ) = 1/2 = 0.5
150
Cosine : cos ( ) -1.732 / 2 = -0.866
Tangent : tan ( ) = 1 / -1.732 = -0.577
In Quadrant III, sine and cosine are negative.
2100
-1.732
300
-1
2
Sine : sin(
2100 ) = - 1/2 = - 0.5
Cosine : cos ( 0
210 ) = - 1.732 / 2 = - 0.866
Tangent : tan ( 0 ) = -1 / -1.732 = 0.577
210
In Quadrant IV, Sine and Tangent are negative :
3300 1.732
300 -1
2
Sine : sin330
( 0 ) = - 1/2 = - 0.5
Cosine : cos330( 0 ) = 1.732/2 = 0.866
Tangent : tan330(0 ) = -1 / 1.732 = - 0.577
Example 1:
Solve sin = 0.5 sin 1 30 0
We get the first solution
180 0from the
30 0calculator
150 0 = (0.5) = (it is in
Quadrant I)
The other solution is - = Quadrant II )
EXAMPLE 5
2 sin x = 1
sin x = 0.5
From example 1 ,
x = 30
There are two values for x that satisfy the equation; they are 30 and 150
x = 30 or x = 150
Important Angles : 30, 45 ad 60 ( Exact Values )
( 0
sin 30 ) =1
2
) =2
0
Sin ( 45
2
) =3
0
Sin ( 60
2
Cos ( 30 0 ) 3=
2
Cos (450 ) 2=
2
Cos (600 ) =1
2
PROBABILITY
Tossing a coin
There will be 2 outcomes in the sample space:
{ Heads, Tails}
When determining a sample space, be sure to consider ALL possibilities. Often times this
can be a difficult task.
When attempting to determine a sample space (the possible outcomes from an
experiment), it is often helpful to draw a diagram which illustrates how to arrive at the
answer.
One such diagram is a tree diagram
OUTCOMES
PROBABILITIES
In addition to helping determine the number of outcomes in a sample space, the tree diagram can
be used to determine the probability of individual outcomes within the sample space.
The probability of any outcome in the sample space is the product (multiply) of all
possibilities along the path that represents that outcome on the tree diagram.
Throwing Two Dice and Adding the Scores.
Question: If you throw 2 dice together and add the two scores:
1. What is the least possible total score?
2. What is the greatest possible total score?
3. What do you think is the most likely total score?
The first two questions are quite easy to answer:
1. The least possible total score must be 1 + 1 = 2
2. The greatest possible total score must be 6 + 6 = 12
3. The most likely total score is ... ???
Are they all just as likely? Or will some happen more often?
To help answer the third question let us try an experiment.
PROBABILITY
The Experiment
Here is a table of all possible outcomes, and the totals
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SCORES ON THE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
OTHER DIE
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
PROBABILITY
What is the most likely total score? 7 has the highest bar, so 7 is the most likely total score.
Example: Probability of a total of 2
We know there are 36 possible outcomes and there is only 1 way to get a total score of 2.
So the probability of getting 2 is:
Probability of a total of 2 = 1/ 36
Example 1 :
Show the sample space for tossing one coin and rolling one die.
(H = heads, T = tails)
1
1/6 2
3
H 4
1/2 5
6
1/2 1/6 1
2
T 3
4
5
6
PROBABILITY
Example 2: A family has three children. How many outcomes are in the sample
space that
indicates the sex of the children? Assume that the probability of male (M) and the
probability of female (F) are each 1/2.
PROBABILITY
SAMPLE SPACE
M M MFM
The probability of each outcome is :
F F MFF
x x = 1/8
F M M FMM
F FMF
F M FFM
F FFF }