Costing

A cost structure is the collection of definitions and methods used to cost inventory, bills
of material, and work in process.

Organizations
Cost organizations and shared costs
Cost elements
Sub-elements
Activities
General Ledger accounts

Inventory Organizations: In Oracle Manufacturing, each inventory organization must

have a cost structure that you define.

Cost Organizations and Shared Costs: You can share costs across standard cost
organizations as long as the child cost organizations have not enabled WIP.

You cannot share costs across average costing organizations.

Cost Elements:
1. Material - The raw material/component cost of the component item.
2. Material Overhead - The overhead cost of material, calculated as a percentage of
the total cost, or as a fixed charge per item, lot, or activity.
3. Resource - Direct costs, such as people (labor), machines, space, or miscellaneous
charges, required to manufacture products
 Costing

4. Overhead -Overhead is used as a means to allocate department costs or activities.

For example, you can define multiple overhead sub-elements to cover both fixed and
variable overhead, each with its own rate.
5. Outside Processing - This is the cost of outside processing purchased from a
supplier.

Sub-elements:

6. Material Sub-elements - Classify your material costs, such as plastic, steel, or

aluminum. Define material sub-elements and assign them to item costs.
2. Material Overhead Sub-elements - Define material overhead sub-elements and
assign them to item costs.
3. Resource Sub-elements
4. Overhead Sub-elements
5. Outside Processing Sub-elements

Note: Negative item costs are not supported in Oracle Cost Management.

Activities: An action or task you perform in a business that uses a resource or incurs
cost.

Basis Types: Basis types determine how costs are assigned to the item.
1. Item: Used with material and material overhead sub-elements to assign a fixed
amount per
item, generally for purchased components.
2. Lot: Used to assign a fixed lot charge to items or operations.
 Costing

Resource value earned in the operation x overhead rate

Resource Units: Used to allocate overhead to an item, based on the number of

resource units earned in the routing operation.
Resource units earned in an operation X overhead rate or amount

Total Value: Used to assign material overhead to an item, based on the total value of
the item.

Changing from Standard to Average Costing

You cannot change the costing method of an organization once transactions have been
performed.
 Costing

Transactions Details-Mass Changes:

Mass Editing Item Accounts: Mass edit account assignments for selected items.
These accounts include: Cost of Goods Sold, Encumbrance, Expense, and Sales. You
can edit your account assignments for all items, a category of items, or a specific
item.

. Mass Edit Material Cost: Apply new activity rates to item costs, Create new costs
and change costs to a specified amount by a percentage or an absolute amount,
Create new costs by averaging the purchase order price for open purchase orders or
historical purchase order receipts, or actual accounts payable invoice prices for items.

. Mass Edit Material Overhead Cost: To change the overhead cost assigned to
items.

Define Item Cost:

. Navigate to the Item Costs window. Choose the Costs button from either the Item
Costs Summary folder window or from the Item Costs Details window.

. Select the cost element

. Select the sub-element

. Select the activity. The default activity you associated with the sub element is the
 Costing

Select the basis. The default is the default basis associated with the sub-element.

Enter a percentage rate or a fixed amount, as appropriate for the basis.

Save

Viewing Material Transaction Distributions:

Navigate to the Material Transaction Distributions window.

Enter the required search criteria.

Viewing WIP Transaction Distributions

Navigate to the WIP Transaction Distributions window.

Enter your search criteria.

Viewing WIP Value Summaries

Navigate to the WIP Value Summary window.

Select your search criteria.

 Costing

Error Resubmission:
If you are using Average Inventory Costing, including Project Manufacturing Costing, then
you can resubmit cost transactions that have failed to cost, and projects that have failed
to transfer.

Use: Pending Material Transaction Form

Navigate to the Find Material Transactions window from the Cost function.

Select Error from the Costed or the Transferred to Projects dropdown list.

Navigate to the Costed column of the Reason, Reference tab in the View Material
Transactions window.

Select errored transactions to resubmit as follows:

All errors: Choose Submit all from the Tools menu
One error: Place the cursor in the error cell and execute a controlclick
A range of errors: Select one error as above, then move the cursor to the next error
and execute a shiftclick.

Save your work

 Costing

Average Costing: Under average cost systems, the unit cost of an item is the average
value of all receipts of that item to inventory. Each receipt of material to inventory
updates the unit cost of the item received. Issues from inventory use the current average
cost as the unit cost.

Inventory value = average unit cost * quantity

For purchased items, this is a weighted average of the actual procurement cost of an
item.
For manufactured items, this is a weighted average of the cost of all resources and
materials consumed.

Average Cost Updates:

When you update average costs, items in all asset subinventories in your organization
and inventory in in-transit that is owned by your organization are updated (revalued) by
new specified cost.

Navigate to the Update Average Cost window

Select the Average cost update in the Type field.

Optionally, select a Source type for the transaction.

Select an average cost update Adjustment Account

 Costing

If you increase average costs, then debit your subinventory accounts and credit the
specified adjustment account. If you decrease average costs, then the reverse
adjustments are generated.

If you are updating costs using a percentage change, then enter a default to use as
the percentage change for individual item costs.

Select the item for the average cost update.

Select a Cost Group.

Update the total unit average cost. Do one of the following:

Enter a New Average Cost. This value cannot be negative. On-hand inventory in all
subinventories and intransit are revalued.

Enter a percentage change in the item's average cost. The item cost is updated by
this percentage value. On-hand inventory in all subinventories and intransit is
revalued.

Enter the amount to increase or decrease the current on-hand inventory value. To
decrease the value, enter a negative amount. However, you cannot enter a value that
drives the inventory value negative.

Note : You cannot change the average cost value by this method unless the item has
quantity onhand.
 Costing

Open the Value Change tabbed region and review the change in inventory value.

Optionally, choose Cost Elements to update average costs by element by level.

Transferring Invoice Variance

You can transfer variances between purchase order price and invoice price back to
inventory, from your user-defined adjustment account, usually an IPV account. This lets
you value your inventory at costs as close to actual as possible.

The transfer process picks up only invoices that have been posted to GL to ensure that
the invoices are approved for payment, and that variances can be added back to
inventory.

You can only run the transfer process for one organization at a time.

Request: Transfer Invoice Variance to Inventory Valuation.

 Costing

Average Cost = (transaction value + current inventory value) / (transaction

quantity + current
on-hand quantity)

Cost Updates @
Purchase Order Receipt to Receiving Inspection No

Delivery from Receiving Inspection to Inventory Yes

Purchase Order Receipt to Inventory Yes

Return to Supplier from Receiving No

Return to Supplier from Inventory Yes

Miscellaneous Issue No (if default cost is used)

Miscellaneous Receipt No (if default cost is used)

Shipment Transaction/FOB Shipment: Sending No

Org
Shipment Transaction/FOB Shipment: Yes
Receiving Org
Direct Inter-Organization Transfer: Sending No
Org
 Costing

Direct Inter-Organization Transfer: Receiving Yes

Org
Cycle Count No

Physical Inventory No

Sales Order Shipments No

RMA Receipts Yes

RMA Returns No

Average Cost Update Yes

 New Features in R12

- Deferred COGS-

You must specify the Deferred COGS Account in the Organization Parameters
window.

Setting Up Revenue / COGS Matching

1. Navigate to the Organization Parameters window and select the Other Accounts
tab.
(N) Inventory > Setup > Organizations > Parameters (T) Other Accounts

2. Enter the Deferred COGS Account. There is no default for this account. Specify a
Deferred COGS Account for each organization.
 Deferred COGS: How to use this featur
e of Oracle AppsR12
Business Process:
In R11i When a Sales order is shipped and interface trip stop is completed. This then
generate following accounting.
Cr Inventory Valuation account Rs. 25000
Dr COGS Account Rs. 25000

In R12 when a sales order is shipped and interface trip stop is completed the following
accounting entries gets generated.
Cr Inventory Valuation account Rs. 25000
Dr Deferred COGS Account Rs. 25000

After the AR invoice is generated and the revenue is recognized, following program will
create COGS recognition transaction. This will reflect a change in the revenue recognition
percentage for a sales order line.

1. Collect Revenue Recognition Information program

Navigation: Cost > COGS Recognition > Collect Revenue Recognition Information

2. Generate COGS Recognition Events: This will create accounting entries as follow

Navigation: Cost > COGS Recognition > Generate COGS Recognition Events

Cr Deferred account Rs. 250 (Actual Revenue %)

Dr COGS Account Rs. 250 (Actual Revenue %)
 Deferred COGS: How to use this featur
e of Oracle AppsR12

Business Process:

With this feature the COGS recognition now requires few extra concurrent requests to be
submitted.

Revenue / COGS Recognition Process Flow

When you ship confirm one or more order lines in Oracle Order Management and then
run the applicable Cost Management cost and accounting processes, the cost of goods
sold associated with the sales order line is immediately debited to a Deferred COGS
account pending the invoicing and recognition of the sales order revenue in Oracle
Receivables.
When Oracle Receivables recognizes all or part of the sales revenue associated with a
sales order line, you run a cost process that calculates the percentage of total billed
revenue recognized. Oracle Inventory then creates a cost recognition transaction that
adjusts the Deferred COGS and regular COGS amount for the order line. The proportion of
total shipment cost that is recognized as COGS will always match the proportion of total
billable quantity that is recognized as revenue.

AR revenue need to be recognized to have COGS recognized

This functionality is not optional as it is mandatory to be used in R12

To make the complete set of transactions visible in the Material Transaction screen,
Include Logical Transaction checkbox need to be checked.
 Deferred COGS: How to use this featur
e of Oracle AppsR12
COGS Recognition and Concurrent Processes
The matching and synchronization of the earned and deferred components of sales
order revenue and COGS is accomplished by running the following COGS recognition
concurrent processes at user-defined intervals:
Record Order Management Transactions (Optional)
Collect Revenue Recognition Information
Generate COGS Recognition Events
(N) Cost > COGS Recognition
 Important Reports

COGS / Revenue Matching Report:

The report displays earned and unearned (deferred) revenue, and cost of goods sold
amounts for sales orders issues specified in the report's run-time parameters. The
report displays shipped sales order and associated sales order lines, and shows the
accounts where the earned and deferred COGS were charged .

Detailed Item Cost Report

Use the Detailed Item Cost Report to analyze item cost details for any cost type.

Discrete Job Value Report

The Discrete Job Value Report - Average Costing assists you in analyzing your
standard
discrete jobs and non-standard asset jobs in project and non-project environments.

Elemental Cost Report

Use the Elemental Cost Report to report and summarize item costs by cost element.
 Important Reports

Elemental Inventory Value Report - by Subinventory

This report displays the current on hand elemental value by subinventory for a given
organization. The report also displays on hand value as of a specified date

Inventory Master Book Report

Use the Inventory Master Book Report for reporting inventory transactions on a
periodic basis to support internal and external auditing.

Margin Analysis Reports

Use the Margin Analysis Reports to report sales revenue, cost of goods sold, and
gross
margin information for each item shipped/invoiced within the specified date range.
These report earned revenue versus recognized COGS, and you can print both
summary and detail information.

Period Close Reconciliation Report

This concurrent program and report is used to create summarized transaction
records,
the final step in closing your accounting period.

Period Close Pending Transactions Report

The Period Close Pending Transactions Report provides details of transactions
preventing period close.

Receiving Value Report

Use the Receiving Value Report to display item quantity, valuation, and detailed
Cost Management Integration with Other
Modules
 Reports

Margin Analysis reports

You can use cost management to determine profitability by analyzing costs
associated with revenue-generating activities.
Use the Margin Analysis Reports to report sales revenue, cost of goods sold,
and gross margin information for each item shipped/invoiced within the
specified date range.
You can print reports in summary and in detail.
The costing method of the organization is independent of margin analysis
reporting and does not affect the procedure to run margin analysis reports.

Gross Margin vs. Gross Profit

Generally, direct cost of goods sold is shipped inventory valued at one of the
costing methods.
Gross Margin = Revenue Direct Cost of Goods Sold
Other cost of sales includes manufacturing variances, freight and duty, royalty,
warranty and other indirect costs.
Gross Profit = Gross Margin Other Cost of Goods Sold
 Reports

Old Program/Report New Program/Report in R12

Assembly Cost Rollup Supply Chain Cost Rollup
Consolidated Bill of Material Supply Chain Consolidated Bill of Material
Indented Bill of Material Supply Chain Consolidated Indented Bill of
Material
Inventory Value Report Inventory Value Report by Subinventory
Inventory Value Report W.Mgt Inventory Value Report by Cost Group
All Inventories Value Report All Inventories Value Report by Subinventory
All Inventories Value Report Avg All Inventories Value Report by Cost Group
Elemental Inventory Value Report Elemental Inventory Value Report by
Subinventory
Elemental Inventory Value Report by Cost Group
Inventory Master Book Report
 Period End Processing

In R12, Oracle introduced two changes to help with identifying transactions that
would prevent you from closing the period.

The first is the ability to drilldown to transactions from the Accounting Periods
form.

The second is a Period Close Pending Transaction report

 Integration with other Modules

In R12, there are three new modules that integrate with Cost Management

1. Subledger Accounting,

2. Oracle Process Manufacturing

3. Landed Cost Management.

 Period Close Process R12

Period Close
Dependencies
 Period Close Process R12- Sequence

1. Order Management / Shipping

2. Cash Management / Treasury

3. Payables

4. Receivables

5. Purchasing

6. Inventory / Costing

7. Projects

8. Assets

9. General Ledger
 Period Close Process R12- Process

Order Management:

Complete All Transactions for the Period Being Closed

Ensure all Interfaces are Completed for the Period (Optional)
Review Open Orders and Check the Workflow Status
Review Held Orders
Review Discounts
Review Backorders
Review and Correct Order Exceptions
Reconcile to Inventory
Reconcile to Receivables (Optional)
Run Standard Period End Reports
 Period Close Process R12- Process

Cash Management:

Load Bank Statements

Reconcile Bank Statements
Create Miscellaneous Transactions
Review AutoReconciliation Execution Report
Resolve Exceptions on the AutoReceonciliation Execution Report
Run Bank Statement Detail Report
Run Transactions Available for Reconcilaition Report
Resolve Un-reconciled Statement Lines
Run the GL Reconciliation Report
Run the Account Analysis Report for the General Ledger Cash Account
Review the Account Analysis Report
Correct any Invalid Entries to the General Ledger Cash Account (Optional)
Perform the Bank Reconciliation
 Period Close Process R12- Process

Payables

Complete All Transactions for the Period Being Closed

Run the Payables AutoApproval Process for All Invoices / Invoice Batches
Review & Resolve Amounts to Post to the General Ledger
Reconcile Payments to Bank Statement Activity for the Period
Transfer All Approved Invoices Payments, Reconciled Payments to the General
Ledger
Review the Payables to General Ledger Posting Process After Completion
Submit the Unaccounted Transactions Sweep Program
Close the Current Oracle Payables Period
Accrue Uninvoiced Receipts
Reconcile Oracle Payables Activity for the Period
Run Mass Additions Transfer to Oracle Assets
Open the Next Payables Period
Run Reports for Tax Reporting Purposes (Optional)
Run the Key Indicators Report (Optional)
Purge Transactions (Optional)
 Period Close Process R12- Process

Receivables

Complete All Transactions for the Period Being Closed

Reconcile Transaction Activity for the Period
Reconcile Outstanding Customer Balances
Review the Unapplied Receipts Register
Reconcile receipts.
Reconcile Receipts to Bank Statement Activity for the Period
Post to the General Ledger
Reconcile the General Ledger Transfer Process
Reconcile the Journal Import Process
Print Invoices
Print Statements (Optional)
Print Dunning (Reminder) Letters (Optional)
Close the Current Oracle Receivables Period
Reconcile Posted Journal Entries
Review Unposted Items Report
Open the Next Oracle Receivables Period
Run Reports for Tax Reporting Purposes (Optional)
Run Archive and Purge programs (Optional)
 Period Close Process R12- Process

Purchasing

Complete All Transactions for the Period Being Closed

Review the Current and Future Commitments (Optional)
Review the Outstanding and Overdue Purchase Orders (Optional)
Follow up Receipts-Check with Suppliers
Identify and Review Un-invoiced Receipts (Period End Accruals)
Follow Up Outstanding Invoices
Complete the Oracle Payables- Period End Process
Run Receipt Accruals Period End Process
Reconcile Accounts Perpetual Accruals
Perform Year End Encumbrance Processing. (Optional)
Close the Current Purchasing Period.
Open the Next Purchasing Period.
Run Standard Period End Reports (Optional)
 Period Close Process R12- Process

Inventory/WIP

Complete All Transactions for the Period Being Closed.

Check Inventory and Work In Process Transaction Interfaces.
Check Oracle Order Management Transaction Process.
Review Inventory Transactions.
Balance the Perpetual Inventory.
Validate Work In Process Inventory.
Transfer Summary or Detail Transactions
Close the Current Oracle Payables and Oracle Purchasing Periods
Close the Current Inventory Period
Open the Next Inventory Period
Run Standard Period End Reports (Optional)
 Period Close Process R12- Process

Projects

Change the Current Oracle Projects Period Status from Open to Pending Close
Open the Next Oracle Projects Period
Complete All Maintenance Activities
Run Maintenance Processes
Complete All Transaction Entry for the Period Being Closed
Run the Final Cost Distribution Processes
Interface Transactions to Other Applications (AP, GL, FA)
Generate Draft Revenue for All Projects
Generate Invoices
Run Final Project Costing and Revenue Management Reports
Transfer Invoices to Oracle Receivables
Interface Revenue to General ledger (Project Billing Only)
Run Period Close Exception and Tieback Reports
Change the Current Period Oracle Projects Status from Pending Close to Closed
Advance the PA Reporting Period (Optional)
Update Project Summary Amounts
Restore Access to User Maintenance Activities
Permanently Close the Oracle Projects Period (Optional)
Reconcile Cost Distribution Lines with General Ledger (Optional)
 Period Close Process R12- Process

Assets

Complete All Transactions for the Period Being Closed

Assign All Assets to Distribution Lines
Run Calculate Gains and Losses (Optional)
Run Depreciation
Create Journal Entries
Rollback Depreciation and/or Rollback Journal Entries (Optional)
Create Deferred Depreciation Journal Entries (Optional)
Depreciation Projections(Optional)
Review and Post Journal Entries
Reconcile Oracle Assets to Oracle General Ledger Using Reports.
Run Responsibility Reports (Optional)
Archive and Purge Transactions (Optional)
 Period Close Process R12- Process

General Ledger

Ensure the Next Accounting Period Status is Set to Future Entry

Complete Oracle Sub-ledger Interfaces to Oracle General Ledger
Upload Journals from ADI (Applications Desktop Integrator) to Oracle General
Ledger
Complete Non-Oracle Sub-ledger Interfaces to Oracle General Ledger (Optional)
Generate Reversal Journals (Optional)
Generate Recurring Journals (Optional)
Generate Mass Allocation Journals (Optional)
Review and Verify Journal Details of Unposted Journal Entries
Post All Journal Batches
Run General Ledger Trial Balances and Preliminary Financial Statement Generator
Reports (FSGs)
Revalue Balances (Optional)
Translate Balances (Optional)
Consolidate Sets of Books (Optional)
Review and Correct Balances (Perform Reconciliations)
Enter Adjustments and / or Accruals and Post
Perform Final Adjustments
Close the Current Oracle General Ledger Period
Open the Next Oracle General Ledger Period
Run Financial Reports for the Closed Period
Run Reports for Tax Reporting Purposes (Optional)
Perform Encumbrance Year End Procedures (Optional)
 Period Close Process R12-
Navigation
Period Navigation

Purchasing : Purchasing Responsibility > Setup > Financials > Accounting > Control
Purchasing Periods

Inventory : Inventory Responsibility > Accounting Close Cycle > Inventory Accounting
Periods

GL: General Ledger Responsibility > Open/Close

AP: Payables Responsibility > Setup > Calendar > Accounting > Accounting Periods

AR: Receivables Responsibility > Control > Accounting > Open/Close Period