COMMUNICATION

SKILLS 2
LOGIC
Thinking is important in our search for knowledge
and pursuit of truth.

But

it is not always correct

 LOGIC
the discipline that assists us in our endeavor to
think correctly and attain knowledge more securely.
a science that aims to give us an insight into the
conditions for correct thinking
science and art of correct thinking
 Study of inferences
thinking to figure things out in order to arrive at a
certain conclusions.
 Logic
deals with different inferences and the conditions in
the light of which these inferences are judged as
either correct or wrong.
includes terms and propositions- logical elements
of inferences.
Elements of Inferences
TERMS
Terms as Sign of the Idea

IDEA
Understanding of the essence or
whatness of a thing.
Simple Apprehension abstracting from the
non-essential elements of a thing and
recognize those essential elements which
make it to be precisely that thing.
a mental content
Idea Word Term
 Convention
establishing the connection between a term
and the concept or idea it signifies by
agreement or usage.
the plurality of language
Ex.
 Homo hombre
sapiens
MAN
der Mensch Ihomme
 Term
an expressive of an idea
then
not every word is a TERM

Ex. Articles, prepositions and conjunctions

 Syncategorematic or Co-significant
words which by themselves do not represent
any idea.

Categorematic or Significant
words which by themselves stand for a definite
meaning or idea.
 ex.

The most intelligent student in the class

 Term
a word or a group of words that conventionally
signifies and idea or a concept.
may primarily and directly represent an idea.
sign of a thing
Properties of a Term

1. Comprehension
2. Extension
 Comprehension
when we consider the characteristics of the
thing represented by a term.

Extension
when we consider the individuals or group of
individuals which have the characteristics and
to which the term can be applied.
 ex.
POLYGON
a figure with many sides.
comprehension
rectangle, square, triangle, etc.
extension
 Comprehension
sum total of the intelligible notes representing
the elements or characteristics which makes a
thing to be what it is.
ex. Man rationality
 Extension
refers to the subject individual or groups
which possess the characteristics signified by
the notes in the comprehension.
ex. University USC, UPV, UPVTC, EVSU, etc.
 Extension
Absolute refers to the sum total of the
subjects actual or possible whose essence or
nature is represented by the term or idea
Functional includes only those subjects which
we have in mind when we use the term in
discourse or as a part of a statement.
Term Comprehension

MAN rational, sentient, living, corporeal substance man

ANIMAL sentient, living, corporeal substance brute, man

ORGANISM living, corporeal substance plant, brute, man

BODY corporeal substance mineral, plant, brute, man

SUBSTANCE substance pure, mineral, plant, brute, man

Extension
Term Comprehension Extension
- ASIAN - Malaysians, Filipinos,
-one who came from a Indonesians, Japanese,
country in Asia
etc
-one who came from a
- FILIPINO country in Asia, i.e., in -all Filipinos
the Philippines
-one who came from a
- WARAY particular province in -all Waraynon
the Philippines , i.e.,
Leyte and/or Samar
 When a term has an extension wider than
another, there are more subjects or members
in the extension of the term.
ex. The extension of the term school is wider
than that of university
 When two terms are co-extensive, the two
terms have the same comprehension and
extension.
ex.
God and omnipotent being
 comprehension

properties functional

extension

Term significant absolute

Co-significant
Activity:

State which term of each of the following pairs has

greater comprehension (unless the
comprehension of each is identical)
Triangle and Figure
Triangle and plane figure bounded by 3 straight
lines
Triangle and Isosceles triangle
Dog and Animal
Activity

Arrange the terms in the order of increasing

extension:
Dog
Organism
Cocker Spaniel
Mammal
Vertebrate
Material substance
Animal
Classification of Terms
Classification of Terms

Functional Extension
the subjects or things we are referring to when
we use a term in discourse
4 types:
1. singular
2. universal
3. collective
4. particular
 Functional Extension
Singular
one that stands for only one definite thing or
subject.
ex.
this question
God
the planet Jupiter
 Functional Extension
Universal
one that is applicable to each and every member
of a class.
also called as distributed term.
sample signs :
all everything any no
each every anyone none
everyone whatsoever anything no one
 Functional Extension
Collective
one that is applicable to all the members of a
class taken together, but not to the individual
members taken separately.
ex.
family, army, audience, class, team
 Functional Extension
Particular
one whose extension is limited to an indefinite
or an indeterminate portion of the total absolute
extension.
ex.
some students, many sciences, few answers,
 Functional Extension
Particular
indicators:
certain some not all
almost all practically all not every
many a few not many
a number of a lot of not everyone
Classification of Terms

Signification
meaning or sense
either:
univocal
equivocal
analogous
 Signification
Univocal
said of a number of things in one and the same
sense.
ex.
The sun is a star.
The sun is a source of light.
The sun is the center of the solar system.
 Signification
Equivocal
is said of a number of things in entirely different
senses.
ex.
pitcher: water container
pitcher: baseball player
 Signification
Analogous
is said of certain things in a sense partly the
same and partly different.
ex.
head of the family
head of the body
Classification of Terms

Supposition
the actual use of a term in a sentence .
the use of the term indicates the mode of
existence represented by a term.
may either be:
1. Material
2. Logical
3. Real
 Supposition
Material
reference is made to the term simply as a word
without regard for its meaning.
ex.
Music begins with M
Love rhymes with dove
 Supposition
Logical
when what is referred to by the term exists only
in the mind as thought of or imagined.
ex.
Phoenix is a bird.
Humanity is an abstract concept.
 Supposition
Real
when it refers to something considered as
existing in the actual or real ordeal.
ex.
All students of UPVTC are encouraged to read
the students manual.
 Confusion in the supposition of a term is often
the source of error in inferences.

ex.
The Spaniards colonized the Philippines.
His father is a Spaniard.
So, his father colonized the Philippines.
 ex.

Man is the best of Gods creation.

But this moron is a man.
So, this moron is the best of Gods creation.
 Equivocation is likewise a source of error in an
inference.
Equivocation
consists in the use of an ambiguous term in an
argument or inference.
the term may not be equivocal; it may also be
an analogous term.
 ex.
Stars twinkle in the skies at night.
Actresses are stars.
So, actresses twinkle in the skies at night.
 ex.

What is well-written is legible.

Your term paper is not well-written
Therefore, your term paper is not legible.
Classification of Terms

Mutual Relation
Unconnected Terms
one neither implies nor excludes the other.
ex.
tall lean
red sweet
pretty intelligent
 Mutual Relation
Connected Terms
either implies or excludes the other.
either:
A.
1. Convertible
2. Non-convertible
 Connected Terms
Convertible Terms
have the same comprehension and extension.
they are reciprocal, identical or interchangeable

ex.
Man rational animal
Omniscient all knowing
 Connected Terms
Non-Convertible Terms
are so related that one includes the other in its
comprehension but the other is not included in the others
comprehension.

ex.
house building
 Connected Terms
B.
1. Relative
2. Strictly Opposed
3. Disparate
 Connected Terms
Relative Terms
two terms one of which cannot be thought of without
reference to the other.
they exclude each other
ex.
master slave
husband -- wife
 Connected Terms
Strictly Opposed Terms
include contradictories, contraries, privative terms
Contradictories
refers to two terms of which one is the simple negation of the
other.
ex.
1. equal unequal
2. man non-man
3. white not white
 Connected Terms
Strictly Opposed Terms
Contraries
refers to terms which represented the extremes in a series of
objects belonging to the same class
ex.
1. hot cold
2. expensive cheap
3. black white
 Connected Terms
Strictly Opposed Terms
Privative
two terms one of which expresses a perfection while the
other expresses the absence of the perfecti0n in a subject
that is supposed to oppose it.
ex.
1. healthy sick
2. living dead
 Connected Terms
Disparate Terms
are incompatible and simple diverse.
they stand for different things that belong to the same
class; but they are not contraries.
ex.
1. square circle
2. banana mango
3. yellow -- blue
 Classification of
Terms

Functional
Extension
Signification Supposition Mutual Relation

Singular Univocal Material Connected Terms Unconnected

Terms

Particular Equivocal Logical Strictly Non-

Disparate Related Convertible
Opposed Convertible

Collective Analogous Real

Contradictories

Universal
Contraries

Privative
Exercise A:

Identify whether each of the following is universal ,

particular , collective , or individual :
1. every melody 7. a few good men
2. not all movies 8. a single mistake
3. none of the visitors 9. orchestra
4. not one of the chariots 10. orchard
5. Mahatma Gandhi
6. solar system
Exercise B:

Indicate whether the signification of the underlined

term is univocal , equivocal , or analogous .
1. Central bank river bank
2. video tape cassette tape
3. bear a grudge - teddy bear
4. left margin left side of the road
5. computer table table of contents
Activity C:

Indicate whether the supposition of each of the

underlined words is material, real or logical
1. Flowers bloom in May.
2. The sun is the biggest star.
3. Sun and star start with the same letter
4. The audience was not satisfied with the performance
of the lead actor and actress.
5. Vitamins and minerals are essential to life.
Activity D:

Indicate whether the following pairs of terms are

relative, privative, contraries, contradictions or
disparate:

1. thin thick
2. loved unloved
3. host guest
4. true false
5. prince -- pauper