Is Matter Around Us Pure?

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Science I Std IX 1
 Introduction
For a common person pure means
having no adulteration. He expects
salt,ghee,milk to be pure.
For a scientist all above things are
actually mixtures of different
substances. For him something is pure
when all the constituent particles of
that substance are the same in their
chemical nature.
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 Mixture and Substance
Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind
of pure form of matter called as a substance.
A substance can not be separated into other
kinds of matter by any physical process.
Milk is a mixture of water, fat and proteins.
Sugar is a substance since it contains only one
kind of pure matter and its composition is the
same throughout.

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 Types of Mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures or solutions.
E.G.: Copper sulphate solution. It has
uniform composition.
Heterogeneous mixtures. Non-uniform
composition. E.G. Soil, oil and water.

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Types of Mixtures
Mixture of Particles are not visible. Solution
copper Path of light beam not visible.
sulphate and Components can not be separated
water by filtration

Mixture of Particles are visible. Suspension

wheat flour Path of light beam visible.
and water Components can be separated by
filtration
Mixture of Particles are not visible. Colloidal solution
milk and Path of light beam visible.
water Components can not be separated
by filtration

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 What Is a Solution ?
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two
or more substances.
Solution Type Example
1 Gas in gas Air
2 Gas in liquid Aerated water(Soda)
3 Liquid in liquid Lemon juice and water,water and alcohol
4 Solid in liquid Sea water, sugar solution
5 Solid in solid Alloys of metals

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 Properties of a Solution
A solution is homogeneous mixture.
Particles are smaller than 10 nm.
Because the particle size is too small,they
do not scatter beam of light passing through
the solution.
The solute particles can not be separated
from the solution by the process of filtration
or sedimentation.Solution is stable.

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 Concentration of Solution

Mass by mass percentage of a solution =

Mass of solute
x 100
Mass of solution
Mass by volume percentage of a solution =
Mass of solute
Volume of solution x100

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 What Is a Suspension ?
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in
which solute particles are not dissolved but
remain suspended throughout the bulk of
the medium.

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 Properties of a Suspension
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
Particles of suspension can be seen by naked
eyes.
They scatter a beam of light passing through
it and make the path of light visible.
The solute particles settle down on standing.
This means a suspension is unstable.Solute
can be separated by sedimentation or
filtration.
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 What Is a Colloidal Solution ?
The particles of a colloid are uniformly spread
throughout the solution. Due to relatively smaller
size of the particles,as compared to that of a
suspension,the mixture appears to be
homogeneous. But actually, a colloidal solution is
a heterogeneous mixture. E.G. Milk.
Solute particles of a colloidal solution scatter a
beam of light. This effect is known as Tyndall
effect.

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Properties of a Colloidal Solution
A colloid is heterogeneous mixture.
The size of particles of a colloid is too small
to be individually seen by naked eyes.
Colloids are big enough to scatter a beam of
light passing through it and make its path
visible.
Constituents of a colloid can not be
separated by process of filtration. Technique
of centrifugation needs to be used for this.
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Components of a Colloidal Solution
The dispersed phase and the dispersed
medium are the two components of a
colloid.
The solute like component or the dispersed
particles in a colloid form its dispersed
phase.
The component in which the dispersed
phase is suspended is known as the
dispersing medium.
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 Examples of Colloids
Dispersed Dispersing Type Example.
phase medium
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, clouds, mist
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, automobile exhaust
Gas Liquid Foam Shaving cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream
Solid Liquid Sol Milk of magnesia, mud
Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber, sponge,pumice.
Liquid Solid Gel Jelly,cheese,butter.
Solid Solid Solid sol Coloured gemstone,milky
glass.
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 Separating the Components of a Mixture.
Heterogeneous mixtures : hand picking , sieving ,
filtration.
Dye from ink : evaporation , paper chromatography.
Cream from milk : centrifugation.
Two immiscible liquids : formation of layers due to
difference in densities. Layers are then separated.
Sublimating solids in a mixture are separated by
sublimation.
Miscible liquids: fractional distillation.

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Separating the Components of a Mixture.

Gases from air : initial compression and

refrigeration liquefies the air. Liquid air
is allowed to warm up gradually in a
fractional distillation columns separate
one by one at their boiling points.
Crystalline substances : crystallisation.
E.G. Salt.

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 Physical and Chemical Changes
Physical change : the inter conversion of
states is physical change. There is no
change in composition of the substance.
There is no chemical change.E.G. Ice,
water, steam,water vapour are chemically
the same.
Chemical change: when one substance
reacts with another to create a resultant
substance / s with different chemical
properties. E.g. burning of oil.

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 Types of Pure Substances
Elements : A basic form of matter that can
not be broken down into simpler substances
by chemical reaction.
Compounds : A compound is a substance
composed of two or more elements,
chemically combined with one another in a
fixed proportion.

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Types of Elements
NON-METALS
METALS
Have variety of colours.
Have luster (Shine).
Poor conductors of heat and
Have silvery-grey or golden-
electricity.
yellow color.
Non lustrous, sonorous and
Conduct heat and electricity.
malleable.
Are ductile. E.g. Hydrogen, Oxygen,Carbon
Are malleable.
METALLOIDS
Are sonorous. Intermediate metallic and non-
metallic properties
E.g.:Gold,silver,copper,iron,
mercury(liquid). E.g. Boron, silicon, germanium
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 Mixtures and Compounds
Mixtures Compounds
1 Elements or compounds just Elements react to form a new
mix together to form a mixture compound.
and no new compound is
formed.

2 A mixture has a variable The composition of each new

composition substance is always fixed.
3 A mixture shows the properties The new substance has totally new
of the constituent substances. properties.
4 The constituents can be The constituents can be separated
separated fairly easily by only by chemical or electrochemical
physical methods. reactions.

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Is Matter Around Us Pure?

End Slide

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