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P L TI E C Z I N
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L AL IP Y N N H
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E R L L TR . S A C I E
C C

A E
P F M N OF E C S

O EO I S O O R T I C S
G E N R H E LE M A
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A TH
B A
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BASIC NOTIONS
Elliptic Plane
The plane of elliptic geometry is
interpreted as the surface of sphere
Points in Elliptic Geometry
Points in elliptic geometry are points on
the surface of a sphere
Lines in Elliptic Geometry
Lines of elliptic geometry are great
circles on the sphere
O
AXIOMS OF ELLIPTIC
GEOMETRY
1. Two distinct points determine at
least one straight line.
2. A straight line is boundless.
3. With any point as a center and any
segment as radius, a circle can be
drawn
4. All right angles are equal to one
another.
5. Any two straight line in a plane
intersect.
 Poles
O

Polar
O
O
SOME THEOREMS IN ELLIPTIC
GEOMETRY
Theorem 1: The segment joining the
midpoints of the base and the summit
is perpendicular to both.
Theorem 2: The summit angles of a
saccheri quadrilateral are congruent
and obtuse.
Theorem 3: The sum of the measures
of the angle of any triangle is greater
than .
Theorem 4: The sum of the measures
of the angles of any quadrilateral is
greater than 2 .
 PROOF

Let E and F be the midpoints

of AB and CD respectively.
A E B
Construct EF II II
NTS: 1 2

Construct AF and BF

II

II

II
II
BCF by SAS Congruency
AF BF 3 4
BEF by SSS Congruency 5 6
2 D
II F
II C
PROOF(PART
D
1) C

II

II
II

II
A B

NTS:
Construct AC and BD
BAD by SAS

ACD

The summit angles are congruent

PROOF(PART 2)
D E C
X

II

II
O O

A F B
Let E and F be midpoints of CD and AB

O and O are the poles of EF

NTS: The supplement of summit angle is acute
WLOG, Construct X on BO' such that CX
BCX is a right angle
Since BX>BO, then


A LUNE is the part of the surface of the sphere

bounded by the arcs of two great circle,

L() =2r2
 PROOF

Let A = area of

4r2+4A = 2L()+2L()
+2L()

2r2+2A = L()+L()
+L()
2r2+2A =
2r2+2r2+2r2
2r2+2A = 2r2(++)
+ = ++
++ >
PROOF B

Construct AC
ABC and ACD are elliptic triangles
The sum of angles of ABC is greater than
Similarly, the sum of angles of ADC is greater
than
It follows that the sum of angles of dABCD is
greater than 2
THANK
YOU!!!
BEGINNING OF A NEW
GEOMETRY
Not long after the development of hyperbolic
geometry, the German mathematician Georg
Friedrich Bernhard Riemann suggested
ELLIPTIC or SPHERICAL GEOMETRY.
Developed a system that
aided the development of
modern theoretical physics.
Born in Breselenz and
educated at the universities of
Gttingen and Berlin.
From 1857 until his death, he
was professor of Mathematics
at the universities of
Gttingen .