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flow studies
Presenter:
Ugyen Dorji
Masters student
Kumamoto University, Japan
Course Supervisor:
Dr. Adel A. Elbaset
Minia University, Egypt.
Outline
Introduction
Methodology
Classical methods
Gauss-Seidal method
Newton Raphson method
Fast Decoupled method
Other methods
Fuzzy Logic application
Genetic Algorithm application
Particle swarm method (PS0)
Load/Power Flow studies
Load-flow studies are performed to determine the steady-state
operation of an electric power system. It calculates the voltage
drop on each feeder, the voltage at each bus, and the power
flow in all branch and feeder circuits.
Determine if system voltages remain within specified limits
under various contingency conditions, and whether equipment
such as transformers and conductors are overloaded.
Load-flow studies are often used to identify the need for
additional generation, capacitive, or inductive VAR support, or
the placement of capacitors and/or reactors to maintain system
voltages within specified limits.
Losses in each branch and total system power losses are also
calculated.
Necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and control of an
existing system as well as planning its future expansion
Pulse of the system
Power Flow Equation
(1)
(2)
The complex power Sij from bus i to j and Sji from bus j
to i are
Newton Raphson Method
Power flow equations formulated in polar form. For
the system in Fig.1, Eqn.2 can be written in terms
of bus admittance matrix as
milarly we can find the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J2,J3 and J4
The terms Pi(k) and Qi(k) are the difference between the
scheduled and calculated values, known as the power
residuals.
Procedures:
1. For Load buses (P,Q specified), flat voltage start. For voltage
controlled buses (P,V specified), set equal to 0.
2. For Load buses, Pi(k) and Qi(k) are calculated from Eqns.23 & 24
and Pi(k) and Qi(k) are calculated from Eqns. 29 & 30.
3. For voltage controlled buses, and Pi(k) and Pi(k) are calculated
from Eqns. 23 & 29 respectively.
4. The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated.
5. The linear simultaneous equation 26 is solved directly by
optimally ordered triangle factorization and Gaussian
6. The new voltage magnitudes and phase angles are computed
from (31) and (32).
7. The process is continued until the residuals Pi(k) and Qi(k)
are less than the specified accuracy i.e.
Application examples
Klos-kerner 11 node test system.
Two loading condition considered.
Node 1: Slack node,voltage level=1.05pu. Nodes 5 and 9 are PV
nodes with target voltages of 1.05pu and 1.0375pu.
Hybrid Particle swarm optimization
application
1. Problem Formulation: The load flow equations, at any given
bus(i) in the system, are as follows:
The optimization problem is formulated as follows: