Energy Balance

(Energy Planning and Management)

Rabin Shrestha
Visiting Faculty
Pulchowk Campus, 2010
 Objective of Energy Balance
• Objective of energy balance is to structure the
energy flow and to display how final energy
requested by end-users matches numerically
with primary energy supplied by the producers
• Energy balance shows in a coherent accounting
framework, the stocks and flow of all forms of
energy from origin through to final uses
• Energy balance is the basic tool of energy
analysis
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 Energy Balance
• Energy is normally not consumed in the
same form it is produced
• There are one or more conversions which
not only change the form but also the energy
content and conversion losses
• Energy balances are often displayed in
physical units (KWh, TOE, GJ, etc.). But
Joule is the reference unit internationally
agreed
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 Energy Balance Sheet
• Energy Balance Sheet has matrix format with
the column displaying the different energy
sources and the rows showing the energy
transaction
• The Energy Balance Sheet is made up of
three parts
– Supply Section
– Conversion Section
– Consumption Section
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 Energy Balance Sheet
Solid Fuel Liquid Gas Others
Dom Production
Imports (+)
Exports (-)
Stock change (+/-)
Gross Dom Supply
Total transformation
Refineries
Gasification
Electricity Generation
Losses in distribution/stocks
Total final consumption
Household
Industry
Transport
Non-energy Use
Total
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Simplified Energy Supply/Demand Structure

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Basic Structure of Energy Balance

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 Energy Balance Setup Methodology
Primary Energy Stage: ATP= PEP + IMP ± VIP
ABP = ATP - EXP - NUP
 where:
ATP = total available primary energy
PEP = production of primary energy
IMP = imported primary energy
VIP = variations of inventories of primary energy
ABP = available gross primary energy
NUP = not-used primary energy
EXP = exported primary energy
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 Methodology…
In addition, the checking relation:
ABP= INP + FCP+ ACP+ LOP
 where:
INP = input of primary energy
(for conversion purposes)
FCP = final direct consumption of primary energy
ACP = auxiliary consumption of primary energy
LOP = losses of primary energy

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 Methodology…
Conversion Stage: PIB = INP + INI - LOT
where:
PIB = gross production of intermediate energy
INP = primary energy input
INI = intermediate energy input
LOT = conversion losses
 
The above relation represents the balance in the conversion
cubes, where the incoming energy (primary and
intermediate) is converted into one or several
intermediate energy forms with the conversion losses
LOT
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 Methodology…
Intermediate Energy Forms: TAI = PIB + IMI ± VII and
ABI=TAI - EXI - NUI
where:
TAI = total available intermediate energy
PIB = gross production of intermediate energy
IMI = import of intermediate energy
VII = variations of inventories of intermediate energy
ABI=available gross intermediate energy
EXI = exported intermediate energy
NUI = not used intermediate energy
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 Methodology…
with the checking relation:
FCI = ABI - INI - LOI - ACI
 where:
FCI = end-use consumption of intermediate energy
INI = input of intermediate energy
LOI = losses of intermediate energy
ACI = auxiliary consumption of intermediate energy

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 Methodology…
End-use consumption: FCT = FCP + FCI
 where, FCT = total end-use energy consumption

In this node, the end-use energy consumption (FCT) is

covered by the part of primary energy (FCP) which is
directly supplied to the consumption stage and the
intermediate energy forms (FCI),
 
The last relation is: FCT = FCE + FCN
where, FCE = end-use energy consumption
FCN= final consumption for non-energy usages
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 Reference Energy System
• RES is useful way of conceptualizing the use of
energy in a national economy as a network. The
links represent specific uses such as
transformation and production of different energy
forms.
• RES serves not only as the graphic representation
but also as analytical framework for demand
analysis.

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 Reference Energy System…
• RES was originally designed in early 1970s as tool
for technology assessment in the USA, but it has
been widely used for energy assessment and
energy planning and policy studies.
• Energy system once viewed as network of energy
flows, the optimal flow of energy in such a network
can be used for mathematical modeling techniques
in network analysis.

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Nepal Reference Energy System – Residential & Agricultural Sector
Resource Refining & Conversion Transportation Electricity Generation Transmission & Distribution Utilization Device Enduse Demands Demand Sector

Gasoline Oil Import

Oil-Steam Turbine
Pump Agriculture - Irrigation Agriculture Sector
Diesel Oil Import Oil-CCGT
Agriculture - Tractor
Fuel oil Import

Kerosene Oil Import

Residential Cooking

LPG Import

Residential Sector
Air Turbine Fuel Import
Residential A/C

Coal-Conventional
Incandescent Lamp
Coal-AFBC
Coal Import
Coal-PFBC
Florescent Lamp Residential Lighting

CFL
Hydro Power Plant
Hydro
Residential Refrigerator
Fuelwood

Residential TV
Animal Dung
BIGCC
Residential Water
BIO Plant Heating
Agricultural Residue

Wind Power Plant

Wind
Residential Others
Photo Voltaic Cells
Solar

Biogas

Electricity Import
from India

Electricity Export
to India
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Nepal Reference Energy System – Transportation Sector
Resource Refining & Conversion Transportation Electricity Generation Transmission & Distribution Utilization Device End-Use Demand Demand Sector

Gasoline Oil Import

Oil-Steam Turbine
Domestic Airlines Domestic Air Passenger
Diesel Oil Import Transport Sector
Oil-CCGT
Domestic Air Freight
Fuel oil Import

International Airlines International Air Passenger

Kerosene Oil Import

International Air Freight

LPG Import

Bus
Air Turbine Fuel Import

Three Wheeler
Road - Passenger
Coal-Conventional

Coal-AFBC
Coal Import Car/Taxi
Coal-PFBC

Motorcycle

Hydro Power Plant

Hydro Ropeway
Fuelwood
BIGCC Rail Passenger
Animal Dung

Bio-Plant Rail Freight

Agricultural Residue Road - Freight

Truck -Freight
Wind Power Plant
Wind
Photo Voltaic Cells Tractor -Freight
Solar

Biogas

Electricity Import
from India

Electricity Export
to India
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Nepal Reference Energy System – Commercial Sector
Resource Refining & Conversion Transportation Electricity Generation Transmission & Distribution Utilization Device End-Use Demands Demand Sector

Gasoline Oil Import

Oil-Steam Turbine
Incandescent lamp
Diesel Oil Import Oil-CCGT Commercial Lighting Commercial Sector

Florescent lamp
Fuel oil Import

CFL

Kerosene Oil Import

Conventional
Refrigerator
Commercial Refrigerator
LPG Import Efficient Refrigerator

Conventional
Air Turbine Fuel Import Commercial Space
Air- Conditioning
Heating/Cooling
Coal-Conventional Efficient
Air- Conditioning
Coal-AFBC
Coal Import
Coal-PFBC
Electric Water Heater

Hydro Power Plant LPG Water Heater

Hydro Commercial Water Heating

Fuelwood Kerosene Water Heater

Animal Dung BIGCC Solar Water Heater

Agricultural Residue Bio-Plant

Wind Power Plant

Commercial Others
Wind

Photo Voltaic Cells

Solar

Biogas

Electricity Import
from India
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Electricity Export
Nepal Reference Energy System – Industrial Sector
Resource Refining & Conversion Transportation Electricity Generation Transmission & Distribution Utilization Device End-Use Demands Demand Sector

Gasoline Oil Import

BTK - Forced Draft
Oil-Steam Turbine
Industrial Brick Industrial Sector
Diesel Oil Import Oil-CCGT
BTK - Natural Draft

Fuel oil Import

Fixed Chimney

Kerosene Oil Import Hoffman Kilns

Moving Chimney
LPG Import

Traditional Clamp

Air Turbine Fuel Import

VSBK

Coal-Conventional

Coal-AFBC Ball Mill

Coal Import
Coal-PFBC
Vertical Mill Industrial Cement

Hydro Power Plant

Hydro Clinker Grinding Based

Fuelwood
Juice Extraction

Animal Dung BIGCC

Evaporation Industrial Sugar
Bio-Plant
Agricultural Residue
Crystalization
Wind Power Plant
Wind
Centrifuge
Photo Voltaic Cells
Solar

Industrial Textiles
Biogas

Electricity Import
Industrial Paper
from India
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Electricity Export
to India Industrial Others
 References
IAEA, Energy and Nuclear Power Planning in Developing
Countries, Technical Report Series No. 245, International
Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1985.

IAEA, Energy and Electricity Demand Forecasting for Nuclear

Power Planning in Developing Countries: A Reference
Book, A Technical Document Issued by the International
Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1988.

M Munasinghe and G Schramm, Energy Economics, Demand

Management and Conservation Policy, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company, 1983.

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