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Rabin Shrestha
Visiting Faculty
Pulchowk Campus, 2010


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Ô nergy commodities are measured in two types
of unit:



 

Ô Physical units are used to measure their physical
entities such as mass (or weight) and volume,
whereas heat units are used to measure power
(watt) or work (joule, calorie, Btu) that can be
derived from them.

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1. Stock energy units measure a quantity of energy
in a resource or stock, such as the amount of oil in
a reserve, kerosene in a tank, or wood energy in a
tree at a given point in time, e.g., tons of oil
equivalent (toe) or multiples of the joule (MJ, GJ).
2. Flow or rate energy units measure quantities of
energy produced or consumed per unit of time
which are used for primary, delivered and utilized
energy consumption, e.g., million barrels per day
(MBD), MJ/day of cooking fuels.

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Œ. Specific energy consumption relates a
quantity of energy to a non-energy value. It
is often referred to as an energy intensity,
e.g., MJ per kg of cooked food, or MJ per
unit of household income (MJ/$).
4. Energy content or heating value
measures the quantity of energy in a fuel
per unit weight or volume such as MJ/kg
and MJ/liter.
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Ô
here are two types for measuring heating values
(HV) of fuels: gross and net.
Ô Because of moisture content especially in biomass
fuels, the both the values may differ.
Ô Gross Heating Value (GHV) or sometimes called
³higher heating value´ is the total energy that would
be released through combustion divided by the weight
of the fuel.
Ô et Heating Value (HV) or called as the ³lower
heating value´ is the energy actually available from
combustion after allowing for energy losses from free
or combined evaporation.
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Ô Moisture content is given on µwet¶ basis or µdry¶
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Ô Resources and reserves
  
 
     
   

  
     
 

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Ô Primary energy
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Ô Delivered energy
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tilized energy is frequently used as the

basis for comparing fuel prices (e.g. PR per
MJ or $ per MJ of utilized heat for cooking)
and for examining the economics and energy
savings due to fuel and technology
substitution (e.g., switching from open
cooking fires to closed stoves).


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Ô For comparing technologies, there are some distinctions
between various measures of efficiency.
Ô Combustion efficiency = Heat generated by combustion
(MJ)/Delivered energy of fuel (MJ)
Ô Heat transfer efficiency= nergy absorbed by end-use task
(MJ)/Heat generated by combustion (MJ)
Ô Percentage of Heat tilized (PH) is the energy utilized
and expressed as a percentage of that available at any
stage in the energy conversion process.
Ô For the consumer, it is the delivered to utilized energy
efficiency which matters most, since this determines the
energy cost for the task: delivered energy (MJ) x unit price
(R/MJ).
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Ô seful energy efficiency
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 Fieu - final energy consumption in energy units of fuel i

Fipu - final energy consumption of fuel i in physical unit
i - useful (end-use) efficiency of fuel I
CVi - calorific value of fuel i
 i - useful energy (In terms of energy service)

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Ô Relative efficiency
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he specific energy consumption (S C) is a

technical concept which measures the energy
required to provide one unit of product or
service in standardized technical conditions.

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