Effect of the addition Different Carbon Sources on Bio-

flocs formation in Pacific White Shrimp Culture System

Litopenaeus vannamei

Muhammad Hanif Azhar

Eddy Supriyono
Kukuh Nirmala
Julie Ekasari

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnologi

Bogor, October 12th 2016
 BIO-FLOCS TECHNOLOGY (BFT)

Eutrophication
Sedimentation
ENVIRONMENTAL

Economic
Escapement Growth factors
Nitrogen assimilation Production costs
Water quality stability
Pathogen introduction
(Wasilesky, 2006)

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology

Bogor, October 12th 2016
 Nitrogen Cycle in Bio-flocs Ponds

Feed (C,N)
Add Carbon

CO2 Recycle
Protein

Non Utilized
C, NH4 NO3 Microbial Protein
International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology
Bogor, October 12th 2016
 BFT is based on the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen species (ammonia, nitrite and
nitrate) by the microbial community present within the pond water. This can be
accomplished by aiming at a high C/N ratio in the water (Azim et al., 2007).

Bio-flocs Technogy

C:N Ratio
High Density

Aeration
Microbial
Community ??????
?
International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology
Bogor, October 12th 2016
 Objective
Identifying the diversity of bacterial in shrimp culture with BFT
and floc-forming structure.
To determine the floc volume based on the type of carbon
source used.

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology

Bogor, October 12th 2016
 Carbon sources
1.Molasses
2.Tapioca
3.Tapioca by-Product C/N Ratio 15
4.Rice Bran
1 2 3 4

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology

Bogor, October 12th 2016
 METHOD
5 Treatmens 1. Molasses
2. Tapioca 4
3. Tapioca By-product Replicate
4. Rice Bran
5. Control

C:N Ratio 15 15

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology

Bogor, October 12th 2016
 METHOD
Feed

Commercial feed
(Feng li, PT. Matahari Sakti ) % F/ D
30% crude Protein

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology

Bogor, October 12th 2016
 Formula The amount of carbohydrate addition
in Intensive Aquaculture Systems

CH : The amount of carbohydrate addition

%N Feed : The nitrogen from feed.
%N excretion : The feed nitrogen are excreted
[C/N]mic : C/N ratio in the microbial biomass.
% C : The carbon content of the added
carbohydrate
E : The microbial conversion efficiency

Avnimelech, 1999
International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology
Bogor, October 12th 2016
 METHOD
30 Pacific white shrimp
Sterilization (25 ppm) (Biomass 40 grams) Feed (4x/ day)

90 L

Carbon Source Addition (1x/ day)

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology
Bogor, October 12th 2016
Parameter was Observed

1.Floc-Forming
2.Bacterial Identification
3.Floc Volume

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology

Bogor, October 12th 2016
 Analysis Data

Bacterial Microsoft Excell Descriptive

Identification 2007 program
Floc-Forming
Floc Volume

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology

Bogor, October 12th 2016
 Bio-floc Micrograf (400x )
A B

A. Mollases
B. Tapioca
C. Rice Bran
D. Tapioca by-Product

C D
 Floc Structure and its composition
A B

C D

International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology

Bogor, October 12th 2016
 Bacterial Identification

Treatment Genus
Molasses Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Kurthia

Tapioca Actinobacter, Bacillus

Rice Bran Bacillus, Eikenella

Tapioca by- Actinobacter, Actinobacillus,
Product Enterobacteria, Bacillus
International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology
Bogor, October 12th 2016
 Floc Volume

30
25
20
Mollases
15 Tapioca
Floc Volume (ml/ L)
10 Rice Bran
5 Tapioca by-Product
0 Control

Day Sampling
International Conference of Aquaculture Biotechnology
Bogor, October 12th 2016
 Conclusion

1) In bio-flocs profile in each treatment was found several types of

microorganisms include microworms, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and
protozoa.
2) Bacillus sp. is a type of bacteria found in all treatments with the addition of
a carbon source.
3) Floc volume increased until the end of the maintenance period vaname
shrimp in all treatment.
 Reference
Avnimelech, Y. 1999. Carbon/ nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture system. Aquaculture 176, 227-235.
Azim, M.E., Little, D.C., Bron, J.E., 2007. Microbial protein production in activated suspension tanks manipulating C:N
ratio in feed and the implications for fish culture. Bioresource Technology 99 (9), 35903599
Bergey, D.H., Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H., Staley, J.T., Williams, S.T. 1993. Bergeys manual of determinative
bacteriology. Ed ke-9. United States of America: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Chamberlain G, Avnimelech Y, McIntosh RP, Velasco M. 2001. Advantages of aerated microbial reuse systems with
balanced C/N : Nutrient tranformation and water quality benefits. Global Aquaculture Alliance : April 2001.
Crab, R., Y. Avnimelech, T. Defoirdt, P. Bossier, and W. Verstraete. 2007. Nitrogen Removal Techniques in Aquaculture for
Sustainable Production. Aquaculture, 270: 1-14.
De Schryver, P., R. Carb, P. Derfoirth, N. Boon, W. Verstrete. 2008. The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value
for aquaculture. Aquaculture 277, 125137.
Ebeling, J.M., Timmons, M.B., Bisogni, J.J. 2006. Engineering analysis of stoichiometry of photoautotrophic,
autotrophic and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 257, 346-358.
Hargreaves, J.A. 2006. Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture. Aquac. Eng. 34, 344363.
Wasielesky, W (Jr.), Atwood, H., Stokes. A., Browdy C.L. 2006. Effect of natural production in brown water super-
intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 256: 396 - 403
Thank You