Application of BS6399 Part 2:1997

to Tall Building Design in Dubai

Aktins

08 June 2004

BMT Fluid Mechanics

Agenda

Design Windspeeds in Dubai

Evolution
Effect of Terrain
Deaves & Harris Wind Model (ESDU)
BS6399 in Design
Basis & limitations
Isolated vs Built-up
Case Study: Al Salam Tecom Tower

BMT Fluid Mechanics

Design Windspeed: Evolution

Dubai Municipality Requirement Pre-2004

CP3 Chap V: 45m/s 3-second gust

Dubai Municipality Requirement with Wind Tunnel Testing

Accepts 38m/s 3-second gust

BMT Analysis of Dubai Wind Records

Derived 35m/s 3-second gust at 10m in desert terrain

BMT Fluid Mechanics

 Design Windspeed: Wind Model

Deaves & Harris Wind Model

Log-law profile V(z)=V(Vref,zref,z0ref,z,z0(x),)
Vref : Reference windspeed at reference height zref
: Averaging period (mean hourly, 3-seconds etc)
z0: Terrain roughness parameter
TYPICAL VALUES 0F THE TERRAIN ROUGHNESS PARAMETER, z 0
350 1000

BUILT-UP AREAS
300 Centres of large towns Centres of small towns: Suburbs, villages: Airports; runway area:
250 and cities:
z0 (m) = 0.7 0.5 100 0.3 0.03

Height [m]
Height [m]

WOODED 200
LAND Forests, large wooded Wooded countryside:
150 areas:
z0 (m) = 1 0.5 10
100
FARMLAND Many trees, hedges, Many hedges, some Hedges, few trees Hedges, few trees Open country with
50 few buildings: trees: (summer): (winter): isolated trees, some hedges:
z0 (m) = 0.2 to 0.3 0.08 1 0.05 0.01 0.03
0
DESERT 20 25 30Flat desert:
35 40 45 50 55 1 10 100
z0 (m) = Windspeed [m/s] 0.005 Windspeed [m/s]

BMT Fluid Mechanics

Design Windspeed: Averaging Period

CP3 Chap V Basic Effective

3-second gust 3-second gust

BS6399 Part 2:1997 Basic Effective

Mean hourly 1-second gust

38m/s 26.6m/s 22.7m/s

3-second = mean hourly = mean hourly
desert desert open country

BMT Fluid Mechanics

Design Windspeed: Effect of Terrain

Conditions
Vref=22.7m/s mean hourly at 10m over open country
Infinite open country or desert terrain
Equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer
Open Country Desert Open Country Desert

350 350

300 300
Mean 3-sec
250 Hourly Gust 250

Height [m]
Height [m]

200 200

150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Windspeed [m/s] Turbulence Intensity [%]

BMT Fluid Mechanics

Design Windspeed: Recommendation

BS6399 in built-up/urban areas

Vb=22.7m/s
BS6399 in isolated/expansive areas
Vb=26.6m/s

BMT Fluid Mechanics

BS6399: Basis

Windspeeds
Basic (Vb) : all-directional mean hourly over lowest
characteristic terrain; 50-year
return period
Site (Vs) : directional mean hourly including effects of
altitude and seasonality (NB: Sd in
BS6399 for UK only)
Effective (Ve) : directional 1-second gust including terrain
and simplified upwind shielding (Sb)

BMT Fluid Mechanics

BS6399: Basis

Direction Factor Sd for Dubai

Derived from directional extreme wind records
0
1
330 30
0.8

0.6
300 60
0.4

0.2

270 0 90

240 120

210 150

180

BMT Fluid Mechanics

BS6399: Basis

Terrain & Building Height Factor Sb

Converts mean hourly to 1-second gust speed
Transposes, based on distance from sea, from:
Open country to Open country
Open country to Town

BMT Fluid Mechanics

BS6399: Limitations

Wind Loading
Suitable for assessment of mild dynamics only
Simplified building interaction and cross-sectional shape
Underestimates pressure drop over curved faades and in
regions of complex wind flow (top of buildings, fins etc)
Unlikely to predict high(er) loading at base of towers
common to Dubai buildings in an isolated/exposed location
Serviceability
No assessment of building motions available

BMT Fluid Mechanics

BS6399: Al Salam Tecom Tower

Cladding Wind Tunnel Test

1:300 model
195m high (FS)
423 taps

BMT Fluid Mechanics

BS6399: Al Salam Tecom Tower
270 deg
Characteristic Terrains 0 deg

North
Desert Sea
Wind direction [deg]: 225 deg Wind direction [deg]: 315 deg
Basic wind speed Vb [m/s]: 26.6 Basic wind speed Vb [m/s]: 26.6 180 deg
Altitude factor Sa: 1 Altitude factor Sa: 1
Direction factor Sd: 0.84 Direction factor Sd: 0.89 90 deg
Seasonal factor Ss: 1 Seasonal factor Ss: 1
Probability factor Sp: 1 Probability factor Sp: 1
Site wind speed Vs [m/s]: 22.3 Site wind speed Vs [m/s]: 23.7

Fetch factor Sc: 1.59 Fetch factor Sc: 1.74

Turbulence factor St: 0.111 Turbulence factor St: 0.075
Fetch adjustment factor Tc: 1 Fetch adjustment factor Tc: 1
Turbulence adjustment factor Tt: 1 Turbulence adjustment factor Tt: 1
Diagonal dimension a [m]: 5.00 Diagonal dimension a [m]: 5.00
Gust peak factor gt: 3.44 Gust peak factor gt: 3.44
Topographic increment Sh: 0 Topographic increment Sh: 0
Terrain and building factor Sb: 2.20 Terrain and building factor Sb: 2.19
Effective wind speed Ve [m/s]: 49.1 Effective wind speed Ve [m/s]: 51.8

Reference height Hr [m]: 194.6 Reference height Hr [m]: 194.6

Crosswind breadth B [m]: 28.5 Crosswind breadth B [m]: 60
Inwind depth D [m]: 60 Inwind depth D [m]: 28.5
Scaling length b [m]: 28.5 Scaling length b [m]: 60
D/H [-]: 0.31 D/H [-]: 0.15

Dynamic pressure q [Pa]: 1477 Dynamic pressure q [Pa]: 1646

BMT Fluid Mechanics

 BS6399: Al Salam Tecom Tower
Faades and zones: A B D C
1 SOUTHWEST 0.7ELEVATION
0.83 - -
Roof 2
4900 4903

2 Tapping Scheme
-1.3 -0.8 -0.2 -0.42 Ext
Ext1-Sec
1-SecPmax
Pmax 1.1 0.7
Ext
Ext1-Sec
1-SecPmin
Pmin -1.8 -1.2

3 -0.34 -0.24 4811 4810 - Roof -1

0.9 0.8 -1.3 -1.3

4 -1.3 -0.8 4701 4712

-0.2 -0.42
Level 46b
0.8 1.3 0.2 0.80.8 1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -1.3 -1.2
-1.3 -1.6
4615 4614 Level 46a
1.1 0.7 -1.9 -1.1
Level 45
Pext [kPa] 4501 4525 4524 4523 4521

Level 44
0.7 0.7 1.31.0 1.1 0.8 0.71.3 1.3 -1.3 -1.0 -2.2-0.8-1.9 -1.4 -1.2
-1.4 -2.1
1.1 -1.3
Faades and zones: A 4401 B 4425 4424 4423 D
4421 C 0.7
0.8 0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.31.1 1.1
1.1
1.2
0.8
1.2 1.2
0.81.4
1.3 1.3
-0.9
-1.2 -1.3
-0.8
-0.8
-0.7 -2.2-0.8-1.9 -0.9
-0.8
-1.9
-1.3 -1.4
-0.8 -1.3 -0.9 -2.3 -0.9
1 1.0 4201
1.2 4225 4223 4221
- -
Level 42
0.7 0.7 1.0 1.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
0.8 0.8
1.3 1.3 -1.5 -1.2 -1.0 -0.7
-1.8
-0.9
-1.8
-1.2
-1.2 -1.3
-1.7 -1.8
4224
1.1 1-Sec
1-SecPmax
Pmax[kPa]
[kPa] -1.2 1-Sec
1-SecPmin
Pmin[kPa]
[kPa]
2 -1.9 -1.2 -0.3 -0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.6
1.6 -1.3 -0.9 -0.9 -1.4 -1.1 -1.3 -1.6 -1.7 0.0
0.0
3 -0.5 -0.4 - - 1.4
1.4 -0.2
-0.2
4 -1.9 -1.2 -0.3 -0.6
Level 37
1.2
1.2 -0.6
-0.6
3701 3725
3724
3723 3721
1.2 1.0 0.8 1.0
1.0 -1.9 -1.6 -1.8 -1.0
-1.0
0.7 0.9 1.1
1.1
1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
0.8
0.8 -1.0 -0.9 -0.8
-1.4
-1.2 -1.4 -1.7 -1.8
-1.4
-1.4
Level 35
3502
3501
3529
3528
3527
3525
3524
1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.6
0.6 -1.9 -1.7 -1.4 -1.8 -1.8
-1.8
1.1
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.8
1.2 1.3 0.4
0.4 -0.9 -1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.9
-1.5
-1.8
-1.1 -1.7 -2.2
-2.2
0.2
0.2 -2.6
-2.6
0.0
0.0 -3.0
-3.0
-3.4
-3.4
3002 3029 3027 3024 Level 30
3001 3028 3025
1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 -1.9 -1.9 -1.7 -2.1
1.1 1.1 1.2 -1.0 -1.6 -1.3

2
0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.2 -1.0 -1.0 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -1.7 -1.8 -2.0-1.7

1 2201
2228
2227 2224 2223
2226
3
Level 22
0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0
1.1 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -1.9 -1.7
-0.9 -1.5 -1.1-1.7 -2.5 -2.0
1.0 -1.3
0.8 -2.0
2101 2135 2134 2133 2132 2131 2129 Level 21
0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.31.0 1.1 1.1
1.0 1.0 0.8 0.81.30.81.3 -1.0 -1.0 -1.3 -0.7 -1.5
-1.0-1.8 -1.3
-0.9 -1.2 -1.3 -1.5-1.5
-1.3
-1.1

4
1501 1535 1534 1533 1532 1531 1529 Level 15 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.8 -0.7 -1.1 -1.2 -1.1 -1.5
1.2 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 -1.7 -1.3 -1.1 -1.2 -1.4

1101 1135 1134 1133 1132 1131 1129 Level 11 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.11.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 -1.5 -0.9 -1.4 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8
-1.3 -1.1 -1.2 -1.4
1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 -1.8 -1.6 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3

0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 -1.6 -0.9 -1.4 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.1 -1.2 -1.1 -1.6
601 635 634 633 632 631 629 Level 6
1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 -1.9 -1.7 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2 -1.4

0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 -1.5 -2.0 -1.3 -1.7 -1.1 -1.4 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4
421 425 424 423 422 Level 4
1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 -1.7 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4

0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 -1.9 -2.0 -1.2 -1.6 -1.2 -1.2 -1.4
126 125 124 123 122 Level 1
0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0 -1.0 -1.5

43476
43476Al
AlSalam
SalamTecom
TecomTower
Tower- -Northwest
SouthwestElevation
Elevation Status
Status: :Preliminary
Preliminary Drawing
DrawingReference:
Reference: Prep
Prep: :Stefano
StefanoCammelli
Cammelli
1-Second
1-SecondGust
GustExt
ExtCladding
CladdingPressures
Pressures[kPa]
[kPa] For
ForInformation
InformationOnly
Only 43476/Press/4
43476/Press/1 Date
Date: :18
18May
May2004
2004

BMT Fluid Mechanics

 BS6399: Al Salam Tecom Tower
Cpe [-]NORTHWEST
SOUTHWEST ELEVATION
ELEVATION
Faades and Tapping
zones: A
TappingScheme
Scheme B 4900 4903
D Roof 2
C Ext
Ext1-Sec
1-SecPmax
Pmax 1.1 0.7
Ext
Ext1-Sec
1-SecPmin
Pmin -1.8 -1.2

1 0.7 0.83 4811 4810 - Roof 1 -

0.9 0.8 -1.3 -1.3
2 -1.3 -0.8 - 4901 Roof 2-
4701 4712 Level 46b
3 -0.34 -0.24 4615 4614
- Level 46a-
0.8 1.3 0.2 0.80.8 1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -1.3 -1.2
-1.3 -1.6
4803 4802 4800 Roof 1 1.1 0.7 -1.9 -1.1
4 -1.3 -0.8 4501 4525 4524 4523 4801
4521
- Level 45
- 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.01.1 0.8 0.71.3 1.3 -1.3 -1.0 -2.2 -0.8
-1.9 -1.4 -2.1-1.4 -1.2
Level
Level
4446b 1.1 -1.3
4706 4703 4702 4700 0.7 0.9 1.0
4704 4401 4425 4424 4423 4421 1.3 1.11.1 1.2
0.8 0.81.4 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -2.2 -0.8 -1.9 -0.9 -1.4-1.9
-1.3
4605 4604 4603 4602 4601 4600 Level 46a 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 -1.2 -1.3 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.3 -0.9 -2.3 -0.9
Pext [kPa] 4509 4507 4506 4201
4505 4225
4504 4223 45034221 4502 4500 Level 4245
Level
0.7 0.7 1.0 1.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
0.8 0.8
1.3 1.3 -1.5 -1.2 -1.0 -0.7
-1.8
-0.9
-1.8
-1.2
-1.2 -1.3
-1.7 -1.8
4408 4407 4406 4405 4224
4404 4403 4402 4400 Level 44 1.1 1-Sec
1-SecPmax
Pmax[kPa]
[kPa] -1.2 1-Sec
1-SecPmin
Pmin[kPa]
[kPa]
Faades and zones: A B D C 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.6
1.6 -1.3 -0.9 -0.9 -1.4 -1.1 -1.3 -1.6 -1.7 0.0
0.0
1 4208
1.2 4207 4206
1.4
4205 4204
-
4203 4202 4200
-
Level 42
1.4
1.4 -0.2
-0.2
2 -2.1 -1.3 - - 1.2
1.2 -0.6
-0.6
Level 37
3701 3725 3723 3721
1.2 1.0 0.8 1.0
1.0 -1.9 -1.6 -1.8 -1.0
-1.0
3 -0.6 -0.4 3724
- - 1.1 0.8
0.8 -1.4 -1.4
-1.4
Level 35 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 -1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -1.2 -1.4 -1.7 -1.8
4 -2.1 -1.3 - - 0.6
0.6 -1.8
-1.8
3502 3529 3527 3524
3708 3707 3706 3705 3704 3703 3702 3700 Level 37
3501 3528 3525
1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 -1.9 -1.7 -1.4 -1.8
1.1
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.8
1.2 1.3 0.4
0.4 -0.9 -1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.9
-1.5
-1.8
-1.1 -1.7 -2.2
-2.2
Level 35
3510 3509 3508 3507 3505 3504 3503 3501
0.2
0.2 -2.6
-2.6
0.0
0.0 -3.0
-3.0
-3.4
-3.4
3002 3029 3027 3024 Level 30
3001 3028 3025
1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 -1.9 -1.9 -1.7 -2.1
0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2
1.2 0.8 1.3 1.2 -1.0 -1.0 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -1.0-1.6 -1.8
-1.7 -1.3 -2.0-1.7
3010 3009 3008 3007 3005 3004 3003 3001 Level 30
3006

1
2201 2227 2224 2223 Level 22
2209 2208 2207 2206
2228
2205
2226
2203 2202 2200 Level 22 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.01.1 0.8 1.20.8 1.3 1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -1.9 -1.7-0.9 -1.5 -1.1
-1.7 -2.5 -2.0
1.0 -1.3
0.8 -2.0

4 2112 2110 2109 2107

2101 2135
2106
2134
2105
2133 2132
2103
2131 2129
2102 2100 2
Level 21
Level 21 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.31.01.1 1.0
1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.30.81.3 -1.0 -1.0 -1.3 -0.7 -1.5-1.0
-1.8 -1.3
-0.9 -1.2 -1.3 -1.5-1.5
-1.3-1.1

1512 1510 1509 1507 1501

3
1535
1506 1534
1505 1533 1532
15031531 1529
1502 1500
Level 1515
Level 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
0.8 0.7
1.2 1.2
0.8
-1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.8 -0.7
-1.7
-1.1
-1.3
-1.2 -1.1 -1.5
-1.1 -1.2 -1.4

1112 1110 1109 1107 1106 1105 1104 1103 1102 1100 Level
Level 1111 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.11.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 -1.5 -0.9 -1.4 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8
-1.3 -1.1 -1.2 -1.4
1101 1135 1134 1133 1132 1131 1129
1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 -1.8 -1.6 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3

612 610 609 607 606 605 604 603 602 600 Level 6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 -1.6 -0.9 -1.4 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.1 -1.2 -1.1 -1.6
601 635 634 633 632 631 629 Level 6
1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 -1.9 -1.7 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2 -1.4

407 406 405 404 403 402 401 400 Level 4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 -1.5 -2.0 -1.3 -1.7 -1.1 -1.4 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4
421 425 424 423 422 Level 4
1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 -1.7 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4

105 104 103 102 101 100 Level 1 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 -1.9 -2.0 -1.2 -1.6 -1.2 -1.2 -1.4
126 125 124 123 122 Level 1
0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0 -1.0 -1.5

43476
43476Al
AlSalam
SalamTecom
TecomTower
Tower--Northwest
SouthwestElevation
Elevation Status
Status::Preliminary
Preliminary Drawing
DrawingReference:
Reference: Prep
Prep::Stefano
StefanoCammelli
Cammelli
1-Second
1-SecondGust
GustExt
ExtCladding
CladdingPressures
Pressures[kPa]
[kPa] For
ForInformation
InformationOnly
Only 43476/Press/4
43476/Press/1 Date
Date::18
18May
May2004
2004

BMT Fluid Mechanics

BS6399: Al Salam Tecom Tower
270 deg
Loading Application 0 deg

North
Cladding Structural
Wind direction [deg]: 225 deg Wind direction [deg]: 225 deg
Basic wind speed Vb [m/s]: 26.6 Basic wind speed Vb [m/s]: 26.6 180 deg
Altitude factor Sa: 1 Altitude factor Sa: 1
Direction factor Sd: 0.84 Direction factor Sd: 0.84 90 deg
Seasonal factor Ss: 1 Seasonal factor Ss: 1
Probability factor Sp: 1 Probability factor Sp: 1
Site wind speed Vs [m/s]: 22.3 Site wind speed Vs [m/s]: 22.3

Fetch factor Sc: 1.59 Fetch factor Sc: 1.59

Turbulence factor St: 0.111 Turbulence factor St: 0.111
Fetch adjustment factor Tc: 1 Fetch adjustment factor Tc: 1
Turbulence adjustment factor Tt: 1 Turbulence adjustment factor Tt: 1
Diagonal dimension a [m]: 5.00 Diagonal dimension a [m]: 196.63
Gust peak factor gt: 3.44 Gust peak factor gt: 2.18
Topographic increment Sh: 0 Topographic increment Sh: 0
Terrain and building factor Sb: 2.20 Terrain and building factor Sb: 1.97
Effective wind speed Ve [m/s]: 49.1 Effective wind speed Ve [m/s]: 44.1

Reference height Hr [m]: 194.6 Reference height Hr [m]: 194.6

Crosswind breadth B [m]: 28.5 Crosswind breadth B [m]: 28.5
Inwind depth D [m]: 60 Inwind depth D [m]: 60
Scaling length b [m]: 28.5 Scaling length b [m]: 28.5
D/H [-]: 0.31 D/H [-]: 0.31

Dynamic pressure q [Pa]: 1477 Dynamic pressure q [Pa]: 1193

BMT Fluid Mechanics

BS6399: Al Salam Tecom Tower

Structural Loading
Desert (225 deg) Sea (315 deg)
Overall peak static load F [MN]: 5.98 Overall peak static load F [MN]: 14.87
Overall peak load F [MN]: 6.70 Overall peak load F [MN]: 16.65

16
16 Peak Stat ic
270 deg P eak
Peak St at ic - 1%
Dynamic
12
Peak Dynamic
P eak Dynamic - 2%
- 1%
0 deg 12
P eak Dynamic - 2%
8
North 8

4 4
180 deg Fx
Fy [MN]
Fx [MN]

0 0
90 deg 0 0 50 5 0 100
100 150
150 200
200 250
250 300
300 35350
0

-4 -4

-8
-8
Fy -12
-1 2
-16
-1 6 Wi nd Angl e [deg ]
Wi nd An gle [deg]

BMT Fluid Mechanics

BS6399: Al Salam Tecom Tower

Testing Methods
Force Balance vs Simultaneous Pressure

10
Mean Fx from Pressure
8
Mean Fy from Pressure
6 Mean Fx from Force Balance
Mean base shear force [MN]

4 Mean Fy from Force Balance

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
Wind dire ction [de g]

BMT Fluid Mechanics

Summary

Design Windspeed
BS6399 does not account for desert terrain
Exposure dependent Vb (22.7m/s built up 26.6m/s desert)
Windspeeds compliant with DM 38m/s 3-second gust
Direction factors from BMT wind analysis not BS6399

BMT Fluid Mechanics

Summary

BS6399 Application
Effective windspeed (Ve) depends on size effect factor
Cladding: dimension a=5m (1-second gust)
Careful comparison based on limitations:
mild dynamics only
reduced reliability for complex flow regions
simplified representation of shielding
appropriate wind directions
no building motions

BMT Fluid Mechanics