14 September 2015

Language Lab 4, MJIIT

Properties of Fluids & Unit

Dimensions

Malaysia-Japan International
Institute of Technology
 Fluid Mechanics
The branch that deals with bodies at rest
is STATIC.
The branch that deals with bodies in
motion is DYNAMICS. ma
Bodies in motion of incompressible fluids (at
low speed) is known as HYDRODYNAMICS.
Fluid undergoes significant density changes is
known as GAS DYNAMICS.
Flow of gases (especially air) over bodies at
high and low speeds is known as
AERODYNAMICS.
 States of Matter
Three common states of matter are solid,
liquid, and gas

A fluid is either a liquid or a gas

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 Classes of Fluids
Liquids and gasses Whats the difference?
Free Surface
Liquids: Close
packed, strong
cohesive forces,
retains volume, has
free surface Expands
Liquid

Gasses: Widely
spaced,
weak cohesive
forces,
free to expand
Gas
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 Common Fluids

Liquids:
water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol
Gasses:
air, helium, hydrogen, steam
Borderline:
jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint

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 Fluid as a Continuum
Fluids are aggregates of molecules
Widely spaced: gasses
Closely spaced: liquids
Intermolecular distance is large
compared to molecular diameter
Molecules move freely

Air at STP:
dV*=10-9 mm3 and
contains 3x107 molecules
Continuum hypothesis

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 Continuum Hypothesis
Continuum, anything that goes
through a gradual transition from one
condition, to a different condition,
without any abrupt changes
Moluecular
Variations
Spatial
Variations
*
=
1200

V* V
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 What is Fluid?
Formal definition of a fluid - A fluid is a
substance which deforms continuously
under the application of a shear stress.

Fluid particles are free to move among

themselves and give way (flow) under the
slightest tangential (shear) force
Shear Stress,

Solid Fluid

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 Definition of stress
Definition of stress - A stress is defined as a force per
unit area, acting on an infinitesimal surface element.
Stresses have both magnitude (force per unit area)
and direction, and the direction is relative to the
surface on which the stress acts.

There are normal stresses and tangential stresses.

Pressure is an example of a normal stress, and acts

inward, toward the surface, and perpendicular to the
surface.

A shear stress is an example of a tangential stress,

i.e. it acts along the surface, parallel to the surface.
Friction due to fluid viscosity is the primary source of
shear stresses in a fluid. 9
 Shear Stress
Definition of shear stress - Shear stress is defined
as a force per unit area, acting parallel to an
infinitesimal surface element. Shear stress is
primarily caused by friction between fluid particles,
due to fluid viscosity.

Fluids at rest cannot resist a shear stress; in other

words, when a shear stress is applied to a fluid at
rest, the fluid will not remain at rest, but will move
because of the shear stress.

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Various Stress vs Shear Stress

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 Fluids Behavior

When a shear stress is applied:

Fluids continuously deform
Solids deform or bend

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 Concept of Fluid
Fluids are gases and liquids.
A solid can resist a shear stress, a fluid cannot.
A liquid is almost incompressible.
A given mass of liquid occupies a fixed volume,
irrespective of the size or shape of its container.
A free surface is formed if the volume of the
container is greater than that of the liquid.

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 Concept of Fluid (cont.)
A gas is comparatively easy to compress.
Changes of gas pressure and volume are
often accompanied by a change in
temperature.
A given mass of gas has no fixed volume and
will expand continuously unless restrained by
a containing vessel.
A gas will completely fill any vessel in which it
is placed and, therefore, does not form a free
surface.

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 What is Fluid again?

a substance which deforms

continuously under the action of shearing
forces however small.

unable to retain any unsupported

shape; it flows under its own weight and
takes up the shape of any enclosing
container

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Dimensions & Units
 Dimensions and Units
Systems of Units
M, L, t, T
SI (kg, m, s, K)

F, L, t, T
British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)

F, M, L, t, T
English Engineering (lbf, lbm, ft, s, oR)

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 Units

Preferred Systems of Units

SI (kg, m, s, K)

British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)

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 Conversion
British English
Primary
SI Unit Gravitational Engineering
Dimension
(BG) Unit (EE) Unit
Pound-mass
Mass [M] Kilogram (kg) Slug (lbm)

Length [L] Meter (m) Foot (ft) Foot (ft)

Time [T] Second (s) Second (s) Second (s)

Temperature [] Kelvin (K) Rankine (R) Rankine (R)

Newton
Force [F] Pound (lb) Pound-force (lbf)
(1N=1 kg.m/s2)

Conversion factors are available in the textbook.

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Units of Force: Newtons Law F=m.g
SI system: Base dimensions are Length, Time, Mass,
Temperature
A Newton is the force which when applied to a mass of 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1
m/s2.
Newton is a derived unit: 1N = (1Kg).(1m/s2)

BG system: Base dimensions are Length, Force, Time,

Temperature
A slug is the mass which produces an acceleration of 1 ft/s 2 when a force of 1lb is applied on it:
Slug is a derived unit: 1slug=(1lb) (s2)/(ft)

EE system: Base dimensions are Length, Time, Mass, Force

and Temperature
The pound-force (lbf) is defined as the force which accelerates 1pound-mass (lb m), 32.174 ft/s2.

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 Units of Force: EE System
To make Newtons law dimensionally consistent we
must include a dimensional proportionality constant:

g
F m
gc
where

(lb m )( ft )
g c 32.1740 2
(lb f )( s)

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 Example
An astronaut weighs 730N in Houston, TX,

where the local acceleration of gravity is

g=9.792 m/s2. What is the mass of the

astronaut? What is his weight on the moon,

where g=1.67 m/s2?

Redo the same problem in EE units. In EE units

the astronaut weighs 164.1lbf, gHouston=32.13 ft/s2
and gmoon=5.48 ft/s2.
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 Dimensional Homogeneity
All theoretically derived equations are dimensionally
homogeneous: dimensions of the left side of the
equation must be the same as those on the right side.
Some empirical formulas used in engineering practice
are not dimensionally homogeneous

All equations must use consistent units: each term must

have the same units. Answers will be incorrect if the
units in the equation are not consistent. Always chose
the system of units prior to solving the problem

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 Ideal Gas Law
Equation of state
pV nRnT

p RT , R Rn / M

Rn = universal gas constant

M = molecular weight of the gas
 Measures of Fluid Mass & Weight
Density of a fluid, (rho), is the amount of mass per
unit volume of a substance:

=m/V
( P, T )

For liquids, weak function of temperature and pressure

For gases: strong function of T and P

from ideal gas law: r = P M/R T

where R = universal gas constant, M=mol. weight

R= 8.314 J/(g-mole K)=0.08314 (liter bar)/(g-mole K)=

0.08206 (liter atm)/(g-mole K)=1.987 (cal)/(g-mole K)=
10.73 (psia ft3)/(lb-mole R)=0.7302 (atm ft3)/(lb-mole R) 25
 Measures of Fluid Mass & Weight

Specific volume: =1/

Specific weight is the amount of weight per unit

volume of a substance: = w / V = g
Specific Gravity (independent of system of units)

SG
H 2O @ 4 C
 Density - Mass
Mass per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)
Water water = 1000 kg/m3
Mercury Hg = 13,500 kg/m3
Air air = 1.22 kg/m3

Densities of gasses increase with pressure

Densities of liquids are nearly constant
(incompressible) for constant temperature
Specific volume = 1/density

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 Specific Weight

g [ N / m 3 ] or [lbf / ft 3 ]

Weight per unit volume (e.g., @ 20oC, 1 atm)

water = (998 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)

= 9790 N/m3
[= 62.4 lbf/ft3]
air = (1.205 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)
= 11.8 N/m3
[= 0.0752 lbf/ft3]

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 Specific Gravity
Ratio of fluid density to density at STP
(e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)

liquid liquid
SGliquid
water 9790 kg / m 3
gas gas
SGgas
air 1.205 kg / m 3

Water SGwater = 1
Mercury SGHg = 13.6
Air SGair = 1
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APPROXIMATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMON
LIQUIDS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

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 Temperature

difficult to define or measure

a characteristic of matter which serves as a
driving potential for energy transfer as heat;
energy is transferred from the body at the higher
temperature to the body at the lower
temperature.

Temperature scales:
Celsius, Fahrenheit, Rankine, Kelvin,
thermodynamic, ideal gas

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 Pressure

is a force per unit area exerted by the

fluid

is pressure a stress?
unit: Pa, bar, atm or psi?
use: absolute, gauge or vacuum
pressure?
manometer or barometer?

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Bourdon Pressure Gauges

Measures pressure relative to ambient

atmospheric pressure.

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 Barometer

Vacuum

Standard Atmospheric
Pressure
patmos
760 mmHg = 10.33 mH2O

Mercury Hg

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 Density & Specific Volume

liquids: constant
gases: Ideal-gas equation of state

at low densities:
pv RT
i.e. high temperatures
and low pressures
p
RT

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 Heat

is a form of energy transfer across a

boundary of a system at a given temperature
to another system (or the surroundings) at
lower temperature by virtue of the temperature
difference between the two systems

Sign convention for heat:

positive - added to the system
negative - removed from the system

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 Work

is a form of energy transfer by the action

of a macroscopically measurable force on
matter
(organized microscopic work)

Sign convention for work:

positive - done on the system
negative done by the system

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 Viscosity
Fluids move under influence of
applied shear

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 Dynamic viscosity
The shear stress on the plate is:
F

A
More generally: Newton's law of
viscosity
dU

dy
Dynamic viscosity (pronounced:
mew)
Shear Stress in Moving Fluids
y U

= viscosity (or dynamic viscosity) kg/ms

= kinematic viscosity m2/s

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 Kinematic viscosity
The ratio appears in many equations.
Kinematic viscosity (pronounced: new)

Gases: Viscosity increases with
increasing temperature, why?
Liquids: Viscosity decreases with
increasing temperature, why?
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 Surface Tension

Force at interface between liquid and

solid or liquid and gas.

F 2L

is the surface tension coefficient.

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Surface Tension (cont.)

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 Wetting/ Contact Angle
a) Liquid which wets a solid surface well, e.g. water
on a very clean copper.
b) Partial wetting.
c) Liquid which does not wet a solid surface, e.g.
water on teflon or mercury on clean glass.

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 Capillarity
Caused by surface tension and depends on
the relative magnitude of cohesion of the
liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the
walls of the containing vessel.

4 cos
h
dg

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Examples of Surface Tension
= 0.073 N/m (air/water at 15 C)

Capillarity

Liquid jet break-up - droplets

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Blowing Bubbles in Water

pw

pa

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3D steady
flow
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 Terima Kasih

- Arigatou Gozaimasu-

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