TOEFL Preparation

Course

Week 2
November 19-21,2008

The English School-Thailand

Relative Clause or Adjective Clause
Examples

• The Royal Cremation Ceremony for HRH Princess Galyani Vadhana,

who was very much beloved by all Thais, was held on Saturday.
• Mount Rushmore which is one of the most well-known U.S. national
monuments is in South Dakota.
• Francis Scott Key who was the composer of a famous poem was
captured by the British during the War of 1812.
• Florence Nightingale, whose biggest asset was her dedication, is
considered by all nurses a career model.
• Astronaut Neil Armstrong whom NASA selected to lead the Apollo
Mission made the first step of mankind on the moon.
Relative clause after noun

N Relative Clause
Relative clause after noun

Relative clause

N
REL.PRON. VERB

OR

REL.PRON. NOUN VERB

Relative clause after noun

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

• WHO
• WHOM
• WHOSE
• WHICH / THAT
 Relative clause after noun

N REL.PRON. VERB

The building which serves as the president’s

office and residence
Relative clause after noun

N REL.PRON. NOUN
‘DOER’
VERB

A criminal whom the police arrested

 Relative clause after noun

N REL.PRON. NOUN VERB

A commander whose men are well-trained

 Relative Clause : Exercise
1. The plane was British. It was hijacked.
The plane which was British was hijacked.
2. The woman was fined. She was accused of shoplifting.

3. The secretary was given the sack. She kept turning up late.

4. The dog had rabies. It bit him.

5. The footballer was sent off. He argued with the referee.

 Relative Clause : Exercise
1. The lion was recaptured. It escaped from the zoo.

2. The cathedral was rebuilt. It was bombed during the war.

3. The woman is going to appear in court as a witness. She saw

the accident.

4. The politician resigned. He was involved in the scandal.

5. The proposal for a peace settlement was rejected. It was put

forward by the United Nations.
Restrictive & Non-restrictive

• A Relative clause can be either restrictive or non-

restrictive clause.

• A restrictive clause is one that cannot be omitted from a

sentence if the sentence is to keep its original meaning.

• A non-restrictive clause contains additional information

which is not required to give the meaning of the sentence.
Restrictive & Non-restrictive
Restrictive:

• Nursing lecturers who plan to further their studies are

taking a TOEFL preparation course.

• Pilots who do not pay enough attention to the weather

forecast fly with high risk.

• Certain methods which are needed to help overcome the

problems are vital.
Restrictive & Non-restrictive
Non-Restrictive:

• My car, which is very large, has very high fuel

consumption rate.

• The Day After Tomorrow, which is based on a possible

natural phenomena, is a good film.

• Barack Obama, who is the first African American

President elected, is said to bring peace to the U.S.
 Practice : Identify the Relative clauses
1. Sacagawea, who was a Shoshoni Indian, guided Lewis and
Clark to the Columbia River.
2. The giant redwood trees that grow in California are named
after Sequoya, who created alphabets for the Indian people.
3. Sequoya became a teacher and moved to Oklahoma where he
continued to teach the alphabets.
4. The Shoshoni was a group of Indians who lived in the western
plains of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho.
5. Each group of Shoshoni was known to the others by the type of
food that was plentiful in its particular region.
 Clause Reduction

It is possible to omit the relative pronoun and ‘verb to be’

in restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.

V3

N REL.PRON. V. to be V ing

Prep.
Phrase
Noun
, Phrase ,
 Clause Reduction
1. In relative clauses that contain ‘PASSIVE VOICE’.
( V. to be + V 3)

N REL.PRON. V. to be V3

The photographs which were taken during my holiday catch

many people’s eyes.
 Clause Reduction
1. In relative clauses that contain ‘CONTINUOUS’ form of verb.
( V. to be + V ing)

N REL.PRON. V. to be Ving

A pilot who was experiencing hypoxia finally passed out.

 Clause Reduction
3. In relative clauses that contain ‘prep. phrases’.
( prep.+ N )

N REL.PRON. V. to be Prep.
Phrase

A number of protestors who were at the Government House are

suffering severe injury from last night’s bombing.
 Clause Reduction
3. In relative clauses that contain ‘noun phrases’.

N REL.PRON. V. to be Noun
Phrase

Aj.Arunya, who is a lecturer of nursing , is putting her best effort

in TOEFL preparation.
 Practice : Identify all relative clauses
American Indian Smoke Signals
The smoke signals used by American Indians did not convey the complex messages
seen in Hollywood movies. Smoke signals were in fact used among the
seminomadic tribes of the Great Plains. However, their content was limited to a
few simple messages whose meaning had been agreed upon in advance. For
example, Piman warriors in Ariona who had just finished a successful raid might
send up a column of smoke. Smoke signals were most commonly used to
broadcast news of victory in battle, or to warn of sickness in a camp or dangers
such as approaching enemies.
Fires fed with damp grass or boughs of evergreen sent up the one or two simple,
unbroken columns of smoke needed to send a message. The place that the signal
came from-whether on a hill or in a valley-conveyed most of the meaning. When
Apaches out hunting spotted another group of Indians in the distance, they lit a
fire conspicuously to the right of their own party that meant, “Who are you?” If
the others were friends, they would then use a prearranged reply.
Exercise : TOEFL

1. Tito was the only foreigner_____I saw at the convention.

(A) whom (C) who
(B) which (D) what

2. The dean knows the student_____was hurt in the

accident.
(A) which (C) who
(B) whom (D) whose
Exercise : TOEFL
3. _______ Big Dipper, a seven-star constellation in the
shape of a cup, is part of Ursa Major.
(A) The (C) It is the
(B) With the (D) That the

4. _______, a liberal arts college specifically for deaf people,

is located in Washington D.C.
(A) Gallaudet College
(B) Gallaudet College is
(C) About Gallaudet College
(D) Because of Gallaudet College
 Exercise : TOEFL

5. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances

and_______continually change.
(A) enmities that (C) that are enmities
(B) enmities that are (D) that enmities

6. The Tetracyclines,______ antibiotics, are used to treat

infections.
(A) are a family of (C) being a family which
(B) which is a family of (D) which a family
 Exercise : TOEFL

7. Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and __________, was born

in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.
(A) reforming society (B) social reformer
(C) who reformed society (D) her social reform

8. Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle

can be grouped into a class __________polygons.
(A) called (B) to call
(C) is called (D) call as
 Exercise : TOEFL
9. Martha Graham, __________, has run her own dance company
for half a century.
(A) is the great modern choreographer
(B) one of the great modern choreographers
(C) that the great modern choreographers
(D) the modern choreographers were great

10. The University of Georgia, __________ in 1785, was the first

state supported university in the United States.
(A) Chartered (B) was chartered
(C) it was chartered (D) to be chartered
 Exercise : TOEFL

11. Quasars __________ emitting extremely intense radio waves

and visible radiation.
(A) Star-like objects are (B) Star-like, they are objects
(C) are star-like objects (D) are they star-like objects

12. In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a

__________ to New York's rock 'n ' roll fans.
(A) new dance, the twist, (B) twist, was the new dance
(C) twist, the new dance that (D) new dance is the twist
 Exercise : TOEFL

13. Considered one of the leading poets in America

today,__________.
(A) a number of books and plays have also been written by
Sonia Sanchez
(B) Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and
plays
(C) A number of Sonia Sanchez books and plays have been
written
(D) There have been a number of books and plays written by
Sonia Sanchez
 Exercise : TOEFL
14. __________, Sarah rarely misses her classes.
(A) An industrious and intelligent sophomore
(B) An industrious and intelligent sophomore is
(C) She is an industrious and intelligent sophomore
(D) Her being an industrious and intelligent sophomore

15. The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals

depends on the soil____the plants grow.
(A) which
(B) which in
(C) in which
(D) in
 Exercise : TOEFL
14. Work in parapsychology,_____, has attracted a relatively small
number of scientists.
(A) is a very controversial field
(B) which a very controversial field is
(C) a very controversial field
(D) a field very controversial which

15. ______, the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a

chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.
(A) In 1827 they drafted (B) The draft in 1827
(C) In 1827 was drafted (D) Drafted in 1827
Exercise : TOEFL
Exercise : TOEFL
Exercise : TOEFL