AC Machines Fundamentals

Introduction
Synchronous machines: Motors and generators
whose magnetic field is supplied by a separate dc power
supply.

Induction machines: Motors and generators

whose magnetic field is supplied by magnetic induction
transformer action.
 Voltage Induced in a simple
Rotating Loop
c b

cd Vab
l r
N S
d a Vcd ab
B
ein (v B ).l vBl sin
B
eab vBl sin ab
+ - ab
ebc eda 0 r
ecd vBl sin cd F

ein 2vBL sin max sin t

 Induce Torque in current
Carrying Loop
c b

F d
Bloop
l
F i (l B) ilB

ab ( F )(r sin ab ) rilB sin ab
cd

d
BS
a
ab

bc da 0 ind kBloop Bs
i

cd ( F )(r sin cd ) rilB sin cd

ind 2rilB sin
 Rotating Magnetic Field
If three set of currents each of equal
magnitude and differing in phase by 120 flow
in 3 phase winding, then it will produce a
rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude.
a
Apply three set of currents to the stator
will produce magnetic field intensity H c b
and magnetic flux B as follows: Bbb

Baa ' BM sin t0 T

Baa
Bbb ' BM sin(t 120)120 T
Bnet
Bcc ' BM sin(t 240)240 T Bcc
b c
Bnet 1.5 BM 90
Resulting net
magnetic field a
t 0
 The relation between the Electrical
Frequency and Mechanical Speed
The rotating magnetic flux in stator (Bnet or Bs) can be
represented by one North and one South pole (2 pole
machine). These magnetic poles complete one mechanical
rotation around the stator for each electrical rotation.
In general:
f e f m , e m
P P P
For 4-pole machine, the e m , f e f m , e m
mechanical pole move 2 2 2
halfway around the stator in n P 120 f
one electrical cycle:
f e m n/ m
120 P
e 2 m , f e 2 f m , e 2m
 MMF and flux distribution
on AC Machine
The flux in a real machine doesn't behave in a simple manner
assumed above since there is ferromagnetic rotor in the center
of machine with small air gap between rotor and stator .

The reluctance of air gap is much higher than the reluctance of either the
rotor and stator. So the flux density vector B takes the shortest possible
path across the air gap and jumps perpendicularly between the rotor and
stator.
How to produce sinusoidal voltage ? The flux
density must vary in sinusoidal manner. nc N c cos
360
180

The most straight foreword way to achieve a

sinusoidal variations of m.m.f along the surface
of air gap is to distribute the turns of the windings
that produce the m.m.f in closely spaced slots
and to vary the number of conductors in each slot
in sinusoidal manner.
Fractional pitch winding is also
used to reduce harmonics and
get sinusoidal waves
Induced voltage in AC Machine
Airgap
c-d
The magnitude of flux density at a
point around the rotor is given by :
BM

B BM cos

The magnitude of flux

density at a point around the
stator is given by : a-b
c
B BM cos(t )
d b
ein (v B ).l
ein eba edc 2vBL cos mt cos t a
ein N c cos t
For N number of coil in each slot
 Induced volt in 3 phase coils
eaa '( t ) N c sin t

ebb ' (t ) N c sin(t 120)

ecc '( t ) N c sin(t 240 )

RMS voltage in three phase stator:

E A 2N cf K
Induce torque in AC Machine

ind 2rliBS sin kBR BS

ind kBR Bnet
ind kBR Bnet sin
AC Machine Power Flow
and Losses

Sync. Generator

Induction Motor