EXCAVATION

EQUIPMENT
 What is
Excavation?
 Excavation
Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools,
equipment or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and
underground.

Excavation has a number of important applications including exploration,

environmental restoration, mining and construction.Among these, construction is
one of the most common applications for excavation.

Excavation is used in construction to create building foundations, reservoirs and

roads. Some of the different processes used in excavation include trenching, digging,
dredging and site development. Each of these processes requires unique techniques,
tools and machinery to get the job done right.
 Excavation
There are different types of soil excavation tools and machines used in construction.

Excavation of soil is necessary in construction point of view and it should be done

by hand tools or machineries based on the area of the land or depth of excavation.

By the process of excavation, the land is cleaned from tree roots, strums, organic
impurities etc., which should harm to the foundation.
Hand Tools for Soil
Excavation
Pamintuan, Ronnah Gee
Esposo, Angelica
 Spade
It is a tool which consists of metal plate
having shard edges. The plate is
attached to long handle which is
generally made up of wood.

Because of its sharp edges, the soil can

dig easily. The metal plate having less
curvature, cannot lift the soil.
 Shovel
It is tool which is used for the purpose of
lifting of excavated soil. It is also similar to
spade. The difference between spade and
shovel is the leading edge.

The curvature of metal plate of shovel is

generally higher when compared to spade
so we can hold the soil easily and lifted it.
Shovel can also be used for digging
purpose in case of soft soils, sand etc.
 Hoe
It is an excavating tool which consists of
a metal plate attached to a long handle
with acute angle. The plate having sharp
edge is used to excavate the soil.

For small work of excavation it is widely

preferred tool. Sometimes metal plate is
replaced by fork type plate.
 Trowel
It is a hand sized tool which is generally
used to dig the small trenches in soil or to
remove the shallow roots in soil.
 Rake
It is a tool which consists of a horizontal
rod having metal teeth and is used to
remove the small layers of soil.
 Pick Axe
It consists of a hard spike attached
perpendicular to handle. It is used for
excavating small trenches in soil.

Pick axe can cut the soil even if the soil is of

hard type. The metal spike is pointed on
one side and wide blade is provided on the
other side.
 Mattock
It is look like a pick axe. But serious
digging is not possible with mattock.

Generally, it is used as a lifting tool because

of its curve shape metal at its bottom.
Machinery Tools for
Soil Excavation
Hojilla, Shanne Marie
Legaspi, Kristine Nicole
Tracked Excavator
It is a piece of earth-moving equipment
that operates on a set of tracks instead of on
wheels and tires.

It is often referred to as cranes or track

hoes. It is used to dig large holes, ditches
and basements, demolition and breaking
up structures.
 It consists of cabinet and long arm. Long
arm consists of two parts: boom and dipper
stick.

Digging bucket is attached to the end of

dipper. This entire system can rotate 360
degrees.
Wheeled Excavator
It is a piece of earth-moving equipment
that operates on wheels and tires. It can
move quickly when compared to tracked
excavator but it is not suitable for uneven
grounds or hilly areas because of slippery
nature.

It is generally used for road construction.

Back Hoe Excavator
The hoe arrangement is on the back side
and loader bucket is arranged in front of
the vehicle. Two operations : digging, and
loading or lifting is done by hoe and
loader.

This is widely used equipment nowadays

because of its small size and versatility.
 Bulldozer
It is consists of hard steel plate with sharp
edge at its front. This sharp edge is helps the
plate to cut the soil and for excavation.

The metal plate can be raised and lowered

with the help of hydraulic arms. The
bulldozers are available in both tracked and
wheeled form. These are widely used for the
works of soil excavations, weak rock strata
removal, lifting of soil etc.
Dragline Excavator
It is consists of large length boom. A cable
is hanged from the top of the boom and
digging bucket is suspended to the cable.

Generally, dragline excavator is used for

larger depth excavations like port
construction, under water sediment
removal etc. It is a heavy equipment with
greater economy.
 Trencher
It is used to dig trenches in the ground.
This is also available in many sizes. The
trenches dug are generally used for
drainage purpose, pipeline laying, and
cable laying.

It is available in two types : chain trenchers

and wheeled trenchers.
 Trencher
Chain Trencher
It is consists of a fixed arm called boom around
which digging chain is arranged. The chain is very
hard and consists of sharp tooth. Whenever it is
driven into ground, the chain rotates around boom
with rapid force and cuts the ground. By adjusting
the angle of the boom we can manage the depth to
be excavated. It cuts the soil with hard strata which
cannot excavate by bucket type excavator. In case of
smaller chain trenchers, wheeled vehicles are
available and for larger, chain trenchers are
available in tracked form.
 Trencher
Wheeled Trencher
In case of wheeled trencher, toothed metal
wheel is used as trenching tool. This
equipment is available in both tracked and
wheeled form of vehicles. When compared
to chain trencher, the wheeled trencher can
cut harder soil strata. It is also used to cut
pavement surface in road repair works.
Economically also wheeled trencher is
better than the chain trencher.
 What is
Dredging?
 Dredging
It is anexcavationactivity usually carried out underwater, in shallow seas
orfreshwaterareas with the purpose of gathering up bottomsedimentsand
disposing of them at a different location.

It is used as a way to replenish sand on some public beaches, where sand has been
lost because ofcoastal erosion.
Machinery Tools for
Dredging
Legaspi, Kristine Nicole
Obligado, Alyssa
 Dredger
It is consists of large length boom. A cable
is hanged from the top of the boom and
digging bucket is suspended to the cable.

Generally, dragline excavator is used for

larger depth excavations like port
construction, under water sediment
removal etc. It is a heavy equipment with
greater economy.
 Dredger
Suction Dredger
This type is stationary and is used for
mining sand. It uses a suction pump that
vertically drives sand into the dredger for
deposit into barges or to pumped by
pipeline to a reclamation area.
 Dredger
Bucket Dredger
Abucketdredger is equipped with a
bucket dredge, which is a device that picks
upsedimentby mechanical means, often
with many circulating buckets attached to a
wheel orchain.
 Dredger
Clamshell Dredger
This type of dredger operates with a type
ofclamshell bucketused on many other
types of earthmoving equipment, such
ascrawler loadersandhydraulic excavator.
Thebucketcan dump materials directly
into a hopper or barge for removal.
 Dredger
Bed Leveler
This is a bar or blade which is pulled over
the seabed behind any suitable ship or
boat. It has an effect similar to that of
abulldozeron land.
 Dredger
Backhoe Dredger
It is a hydraulic excavator with a single
digging bucket positioned on the end of a two-
part articulated arm.

They are suitable for a variety of non-rock

types of soils that have stones : that is heavy
clay, soft stone, blasted rock and soil thought
to contain fractured rocks, boulders, or rubble.
Thank You !