Summation Notation

Summation
A series of addition

read as the summation of sub , is from 1

to .
Summation
This means taking the sum of number of observations
or values of the variable represented by .
The subscript represents the order of an observation,
whether it is the first, second, third or the last.
The notation under the summation sign , denotes the
lower limit and indicates the start of counting.
The number above, , is the upper limit and tells the total
number of observations to be added.
Summation
Thus,
the symbol

indicates the sum of the first three variables, while the

symbol

indicates the sum of the second to fifth values of .

Summation

Suppose the grades obtained by five high school

students in a high school mathematics test are as follows:
and .
There are five observations, hence .
These are five values of represented as and .
The symbol used to represent the sum of the these five
numbers would then be

.
Summation Rules
Summation
of constants
Summation Rules
Summation
of a Sum

1 3 2
2 4 1
3 2 5
4 2 1
5 3 4
6 5 3
7 2 2
8 1 4
9 6 4
10 4 2
Summations Rules
Summation
of a Variable and a Constant

1 3 2
2 4 1
3 2 5
4 2 1
5 3 4
6 5 3
7 2 2
8 1 4
9 6 4
10 4 2
Summation Rules

Sum
of a Product

1 3 2
2 4 1
3 2 5
4 2 1
5 3 4
6 5 3
7 2 2
8 1 4
9 6 4
10 4 2
Summation Rules

Summation
of the Product of a Constant and a Variable

1 3 2
2 4 1
3 2 5
4 2 1
5 3 4
6 5 3
7 2 2
8 1 4
9 6 4
10 4 2
Summation Rule

Square
of the Sum of Variables

1 3 2
2 4 1
3 2 5
4 2 1
5 3 4
6 5 3
7 2 2
8 1 4
9 6 4
10 4 2
Summation Rule

Sum
of the Squares of Variables

1 3 2
2 4 1
3 2 5
4 2 1
5 3 4
6 5 3
7 2 2
8 1 4
9 6 4
10 4 2
More examples:
Expand:
Evaluate:
Given:

a. , , , ,
b. , , , ,
Express in summation notation