Presentation of Biomedical

Imaging technology
Presented by:
Nadeem iqbal(2013-BET-BMED-12)
Usama Zulfiqar (2013-BET-BMED-13)

Presented to:
Engr. Adnan Rauf
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO ULTRASOUND
HISTORY
GENERAL ULTRASOUND MACHINE
MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF ULTRA SOUND MACHINE
PROBES AND ITS WORKING
DEMO
TYPES OF PROBES
CONTENTS
RESOLUTION OF ULTRASOUND
APPLICATIONS
BLOCK DIAGRAM
TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT FOR ULTRASOUND
RECEIVER CIRCUIT
MAIN MODES OF ULTRASOUND MACHINE
TROUBLESHOOTING
MAINTENANCE
ARTIFACTS
PHANTOM
Sound:

Sound is a mechanical, longitudinal wave that travels in a

straight line
What is Ultrasound?
Ultrasound is a mechanical, longitudinal wave with a frequency
exceeding the upper limit of human hearing, which is 20,000 Hz
or 20 kHz.
 Infrasonic Sound

Infrasound, sometimes referred to as low-frequency sound,

is sound that is lower in frequency than 20 Hz (hertz) or cycles per
second, the "normal" limit of human hearing.
 History :
The development of ultrasound applications in medicine should
probably start with the history of measuring distance under water
using sound waves. The term SONAR refers to Sound Navigation
and Ranging. Ultrasound scanners can be regarded as a form of
'medical' Sonar.
Echolocation in bats was discovered by Lazzaro Spallanzani in
1794, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by
inaudible sound and not vision.
 Continue..

The first technological application of ultrasound was an attempt

to detect submarines by Paul Langevin in 1917.

The piezoelectric effect, discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie

in 1880, was useful in transducers to generate and detect
ultrasonic waves in air and water.
Dr. Ian Donald invented the first ultrasound machine in 1957
and tested it on patients a year later. The discovery was made in
Glasgow, Scotland, and by the end of the 1950s ultrasounds
became routine in Glasgow hospitals.
 General Ultrasound Machine
Ultrasound imaging uses sound waves to produce pictures of
the inside of the body. It is used to help diagnose the causes of
pain, swelling and infection in the bodys internal organs and to
examine a baby in pregnant women and the brain and hips in
infants. Its also used to help guide biopsies, diagnose heart
conditions, and assess damage after a heart attack. Ultrasound
is safe, noninvasive, and does not use ionizing radiation.
Mechanical assembly.
Transducer:
Probe
Pulse Control
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Key Board
Display
Storage device
Printer
A basic ultrasound machine has the following parts:
transducer probe - probe that transmits and receives the
sound waves
central processing unit (CPU) - computer that does all of
the calculations and contains the electrical power supplies
for itself and the transducer probe
transducer pulse controls - changes the amplitude,
frequency and duration of the pulses emitted from the
transducer probe
display - displays the image from the ultrasound data
processed by the CPU
keyboard/cursor - inputs data and takes measurements
from the display
disk storage device (hard, floppy, CD) - stores the
acquired images
General working principle
The ultrasound machine transmits high-frequency (1 to 5
megahertz) sound pulses into your body using a probe.
The sound waves travel into your body and hit a boundary
between tissues (e.g. between fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue
and bone).
Some of the sound waves get reflected back to the probe, while
some travel on further until they reach another boundary and
get reflected.
The reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed to
the machine.
 General working principle
The machine calculates the distance from the probe to the
tissue or organ (boundaries) using the speed of sound in tissue
(5,005 ft/s or1,540 m/s) and the time of the each echo's return
(usually on the order of millionths of a second).
The machine displays the distances and intensities of the
echoes on the screen, forming a two dimensional image like the
one shown below.
 Transducer probe:
Electronic device that converts energy from one form to
another.
Ultrasound transducers converts electrical pulse into sound
pulse and sends sound pulse into the body and listens for
returning echoes generated by tissue interfaces and again
converts sound pulse into electrical signal.
Piezoelectric transducers are used in ultrasound.
Probe:
Ultrasound Production:
Transducer contains piezoelectric elements/crystals which
produce the ultrasound pulses.
The Returning Echo:
Reflected echoes return to the scan head where the
piezoelectric elements convert the ultrasound wave back into
an electrical signal
The electrical signal is then processed by the ultrasound system
Piezoelectric Crystals:
The thickness of the crystal determines the frequency of the
scanhead.

Low Frequency High Frequency

3 MHz 10 MHz
Frequency vs. Resolution:

The frequency also affects the QUALITY of the

ultrasound image
The HIGHER the frequency, the BETTER the resolution
The LOWER the frequency, the LESS the resolution
 Frequency vs. Resolution:

A 12 MHz transducer has very good resolution, but cannot

penetrate very deep into the body.

A 3 MHz transducer can penetrate deep into the body, but the
resolution is not as good as the 12 MHz.
Types of ultrasound transducer probe:
Probes are generally described by the size and shape of their
face(footprint). There are 4 basic types of probe used in
emergency and critical-care ultrasound.

Linear array probe

Curvilinear array probe

Cardiovascular probe

TVS (Transvaginal) probe

Linear array probe
It is designed for superficial imaging
Crystals are aligned in a linear fashion within a flat head and
produce sound waves in a straight line.
Probe has higher frequency ( 5-13 MHz) providing better
resolution and less penetration.
 CURVILINEAR PROBE
Also called convex probe
Used for scanning deeper structures
Crystals are aligned along a curved surface which results in a
wide field of view
Image created is sector shaped.
Probes have frequency between 1-8 MHz allowing greater
penetration and less resolution.
Generally used in abdominal and pelvic applications.
Cardiac probe:
piezoelectric crystal arrangement: Cardiac
footprint size: small
operating frequency (bandwidth): 3-5 MHz
Transvaginal probe:
Transvaginal ultrasound is a test used to look at a woman's
reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, and cervix.
Transvaginal means across or through the vagina. The
ultrasound probe will be placed inside the vagina.
Operating frequency: 3 to 10 MHz
APPLICATIONS
Applications available on ultrasound system are:
Abdominal
Cardiac
Gynecological
Intraoperative
Musculoskeletal
Neonatal head
Obstetrical
Pediatric
Transcranial and Transesophageal
Vascular
Pulse echo system:
Transmitter Circuit:
Receiver circuit:
Sweep Generator:
Scan Converter:
Main Ultrasound Modes:
Grey Scale Image: Doppler Image:

Continuous wave
Doppler
Power Doppler
A-Mode Color Doppler
B-Mode Duplex Doppler
M-Mode Pulsed wave Doppler
A Mode:

Simplest form of ultrasound

imaging which is based on the
pulse-echo principle.
A scans can be used to measure
distances.
A scans only give one
dimensional information
Not so useful for imaging
Used for echo-encephalography
and echo-ophthalmoscopy
B Mode:
B stands for Brightness

B scans give two

dimensional information
about the cross-section.
Generally used to measure
cardiac chambers
dimensions, assess valvular
structure and function.
M Mode:
M stands for motion
This represents movements
of structures over time.
M Mode is commonly used
for measuring chamber
dimensions.
This is analogous to
recording a video in
ultrasound.
Troubleshooting :
Maintenance
Image Artifacts:
Any missing or distorted image that does not match the real
image of the part being examined
Reverberation
Ring Down (Gas Artifact)
Mirror image
Beam width
Equipment generated
Ring Down/ Acoustic Shadowing:
This appears as an area of low amplitude echoes behind an area of
strongly attenuating tissue.
It is caused by severe attenuation of the beam at an interface,
resulting in very little sound being transmitted beyond.
The attenuation can be due to either absorption or reflection of
the sound waves, or a combination of the two.

Acoustic shadowing will occur at interfaces with large acoustic

mismatch such as:
Soft tissue and gas
Soft tissue and bone or calculus
Acoustic Shadowing Artifact
Mirror image
These artifacts results in a mirror image of a structure occurring in an
ultrasound display.

They arise due to specular reflection of the beam at a large smooth

interface.

An area close to a specular reflector will be imaged twice, once by the

original ultrasound beam and once by the beam after it has reflected
off the specular reflector.

Mirror image artifacts are most commonly seen where there is a large
acoustic mismatch, such as a fluid-air interface.
 Typically this artifact can occur during the scanning of a full
bladder, when air in the rectum behind the bladder act as specular
reflector and mirror image of the bladder is displayed posteriorly.

It will then have the appearance of a large cyst behind the

bladder.

It can also be seen when scanning the liver, and the diaphragm
act as a specular reflector.
Equipment Generated
Incorrect use of the equipment controls can lead to artifact
appearing.

Misuse of controls such as the gain can result in echoes being

recorded as too bright or too dark.

Care must be taken when setting these controls, to ensure an

even brightness throughout the image.

If the dynamic range control is incorrectly set, this can lead to

an image which has too much contrast, and result in the loss of
subtle echo information.
 Gain must be in medium level.

Blurring of a moving image can occur if the frame rate is too low
or if the persistence is too high.

It is important to ensure that the frame rate is capable of recording

a moving structure at the speed.

Use of multiple focal zones can give rise to a prominent banding

effect within the image.
Imaging Phantom or Phantom:
Phantom, is a specially designed object that is scanned or
imaged in the field of medical imaging to evaluate, analyze, and
tune the performance of various imaging devices. A phantom is
more readily available and provides more consistent results than
the use of a living subject or cadaver, and likewise avoids
subjecting a living subject to direct risk.