SEMINAR

ON
EARTHQUAKE TIPS

By,
Aswath Reddy R.
Dept. of Civil, SJCIT.

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 CONTENTS

Introduction
Seismic Effects on Structures
Twisting of Buildings due to Earthquake
Ductility of Building for good seismic
performance
Flexibility of Buildings Affects their Earthquake
Response
d Seismic performance
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 CONTENTS (Ctnd..)

Effects of Earthquakes on RCC buildings

Earthquake Effect on Open-Ground Storey
Buildings
Reduction of Earthquake Effects on Buildings
Conclusion
References

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 INTRODUCTION
Rocks are made of elastic material
Due to the deformations of the tectonic plate
action, elastic strain energy is stored in them.
Thus when the rocks along the weak region
reach their maximum strength a sudden slip at
the opposite sides of fault occurs releasing this
large elastic strain energy.

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For example the energy released during the 2001-
bhuj earthquake is about 400 times that released by
1945 atom bomb in Hiroshima
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 Definition

In general earthquake is defined as

the shaking or trembling of ground.
(or)
A volcanic convulsion of the
surface of the earth.

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 Causes of Earthquake
A sudden slip at the fault causes the
earthquake.

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Terminology

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Types of Earthquakes and Faults
The earthquake occurring at the boundaries of tectonic
plates inter plate earthquake [1897 Assam
(India)earthquake].
The earthquake occurring within the plates away from
plate boundaries intra plate earthquake [1993 Latur
(India)earthquake].
The slip generated at the fault during earthquakes in both
vertical and horizontal directions is called Dip Slip fault.
The slip generated at the fault during earthquakes in
lateral directions is called strike slip fault.

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Global occurrence of earthquake

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Some past earthquakes in India

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 Seismic effects on Structures

Inertia Forces in Structures

Effect of Deformations in
Structures
Horizontal and Vertical
Shaking
Flow of Inertia Forces to
Foundations

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Inertia Forces in
Structures

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Effect of Deformations
in Structures

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Horizontal and Vertical
Shaking

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Flow of Inertia Forces
to Foundations

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 Twisting of buildings due to
earthquake

Twist in buildings, called torsion by

engineers, makes different portions at the
same floor level to move horizontally by
different amounts.
It can be minimized by ensuring that
buildings are symmetry in plan (that is
uniformly distributed mass and uniformly
placed vertical members).
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Ductility of Building for good
seismic performance
The correct building component
should be made ductile.

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 Flexibility of Building affects their
earthquake response

When the ground shakes, the base of a

building moves with the ground, and the
building swings back and forth.

The time taken for each complete cycle of

oscillation is called Fundamental Natural
Period T.

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Flexibility of Building affects their
earthquake response
The time taken by the wave to complete
one cycle of motion is called period of
earthquake wave, which ranges from 0.03
to 33 seconds

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 In a typical city, the buildings of different size and shape can be
categorized by fundamental natural period T.
During the 1967 Caracas earthquake in south America the response
of building was dependent on thickness of soil

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 Effect of Earthquake in RCC
Buildings
Earthquake shaking induces inertia forces which are
proportional to the building mass. As inertia forces accumulate
downwards from top of building, the columns and walls at
lower storey experience the higher earthquake-induced forces.

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 Cont..
Gravity loading on building causes RC frames to bend
resulting in stretching (tension develops) and shortening
(compression develops) at various locations.

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Earthquake effect on Open
Ground Storey Buildings
In most of the RC
frame buildings the
ground storey is left
open for the purpose
of parking that is
columns in the ground
storey do not have
any partition walls
between them.

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Improved design strategy

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Reduction of earthquake effects
on Buildings
Conventional seismic design
attempts to make the buildings
that do not collapse under
strong earthquake shaking, but
may sustain damage to non-
structural elements (like glass
facades) and some structural
members in buildings.
Two basic technologies are used
to protect buildings from
damaging earthquake effects.
These are base isolation devices
and seismic dampers.

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Seismic Dampers
When seismic energy
is transmitted through
dampers, dampers
absorb part of it, and
thus damp the motion
of building. Dampers
were used since
1960s to protect tall
buildings against
wind effects.

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 Conclusion

In general, it is buildings, not

earthquakes that kills people. Most
earthquakes related deaths and majority
of financial losses, are due to the
structural collapse of houses and other
buildings. The actual impact is greatly
influenced by the building material and
construction methods adopted.
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 RREFERENCES
Books:
Reinforced Concrete Design IS 456-2000
Principles and Practice by R.N. Pranesh and
N Krishnaraju.
SCources:
1. WWW.NICEE.ORG
2. WWW.BMTPC.ORG

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