Chapter 04

Chapter 4
System Unit Components
Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Objectives Overview
Differentiate among Describe the control

various styles of Identify chips, adapter unit and arithmetic
system units on cards, and other logic unit components
desktop computers, components of a of a processor, and
notebook computers, motherboard explain the four steps
and mobile devices in a machine cycle
Identify characteristics
of various personal
Define a bit and Explain how program
computer processors
describe how a series instructions transfer in
on the market today,
of bits represents data and out of memory
and describe the ways
processors are cooled
See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 2

for Detailed Objectives
Objectives Overview
Differentiate between a
Describe the purpose and
port and a connector, and
types of expansion slots
explain the differences
Differentiate among the and adapter cards, and
among a USB port, FireWire
various types of memory differentiate among slots
port, Bluetooth port, SCSI
for various removable flash
port, eSATA port, IrDA port,
memory devices
serial port, and MIDI port
Explain the purpose of a Understand how to clean a

Describe the types of
power supply and describe system unit on a computer
buses in a computer
how it keeps cool or mobile device
See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 3

for Detailed Objectives
The System Unit
The system
unit is a case
that contains
electronic
components of
the computer
used to
process data
Page 210 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 4

Figure 4-1
The System Unit
The inside of the system unit on a

desktop personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory
Figure 4-2
The System Unit
The motherboard is the main circuit

board of the system unit
A computer chip contains integrated
circuits

Figure 4-3
Processor
The processor, also called the central

processing unit (CPU), interprets and
carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer
Contain a control unit and an arithmetic
Multi-
logic unit (ALU) Dual- Quad-
core core core
process process process
or or or
Processor

Figure 4-4
Processor
The control unit is the component of

the processor that directs and
coordinates most of the operations in
the computer
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
performs arithmetic, comparison, and
other operations

Processor
For every instruction, a processor

repeats a set of four basic operations,
which comprise a machine cycle

Figure 4-5
Processor
Most current
personal
computers support
pipelining
Processor begins
fetching a second
instruction before it
completes the
machine cycle for
the first instruction
Pages 215 216 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 11

Figure 4-6
Processor
The processor contains

registers, that temporarily hold
data and instructions
The system clock controls
the timing of all computer
operations
The pace of the system clock is
called the clock speed, and is
measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Processor
The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are
Intel and AMD

Figure 4-7
Processor
Determine how you plan to use a new

computer before selecting a processor

Figure 4-8
Processor
A processor chip
generates heat
that could cause
the chip to burn up
Require additional
cooling
Heat sinks
Liquid cooling
technology
Pages 219 - 220 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 15

Figures 4-9 4-10
Processor
Parallel processing uses multiple processors

simultaneously to execute a single program or
task
Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or
thousands of processors

Figure 4-11
See How the CPU Works
Lets watch video
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 17

Data Representation
Analog signals are continuous and

vary in strength and quality
Digital signals are in one of two

states: on or off
Most computers are digital
The binary system uses two unique digits
(0 and 1)
Bits and bytes
Data Representation
A computer circuit represents Eight bits grouped together

the 0 or the 1 electronically as a unit are called a byte. A
by the presence or absence of byte represents a single
an electrical charge character in the computer

Figures 4-12 4-13
Data Representation
ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the
most widely used
coding scheme to
represent data

Figure 4-14
Data Representation

Figure 4-15
Memory
Memory consists of electronic

components that store instructions
waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those
instructions, and the results of
processing the data
The operating Data being
system
Storesand
three basic categoriesprocessed
Application of items:and
other system programs the resulting
software information

Memory
Each location in memory has an address

Memory size is measured in kilobytes
(KB or K), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)

Figure 4-17
Memory
The system unit contains two types of

memory:
Volatile Nonvolatile
memory memory
Loses its contents Does not lose
when power is contents when
turned off power is removed
Examples include
Example includes
ROM, flash
RAM
memory, and CMOS

Memory

Figure 4-18
Memory
Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

Dynamic RAM Static RAM Magnetoresistiv
(DRAM) (SRAM) e RAM (MRAM)

Figure 4-19
Memory
RAM chips usually reside on a memory

module and are inserted into memory
slots

Figure 4-20
Memory
The amount of RAM necessary in a

computer often depends on the types of
software you plan to use

Figure 4-21
Memory
Memory cache speeds the processes of the

computer because it stores frequently used
instructions and data

Figure 4-22
Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to

memory chips storing permanent data
and instructions
Firmware
A PROM (programmable read-only

memory) chip is a blank ROM chip that
can be written to permanently
EEPROM can be erased

Memory
Flash memory can be erased

electronically and rewritten
CMOS technology provides high speeds
and consumes little power

Figure 4-23
Memory
Access time is the amount of time it

takes the processor to read from
memory
Measured in nanoseconds

Figures 4-24 4-25
Expansion Slots and Adapter
Cards
An expansion slot is
a socket on the
motherboard that can
hold an adapter card
An adapter card
enhances functions of
a component of the
system unit and/or
provides connections
to peripherals
Sound card and video
card

Figure 4-26
Cards
With Plug and Play, the computer
automatically can configure adapter
cards and other peripherals as you
install them

Figure 4-27
Cards
Removable flash memory includes:
Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules

Figure 4-28
Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral

attaches to or communicates with a system
unit (sometimes referred to as a jack)
A connector joins a cable to a port


Figure 4-29
On a notebook computer, the ports are

on the back, front, and/or sides

Figure 4-30

Figure 4-31
A USB port can connect up to 127

different peripherals together with a
single connector
You can attach multiple peripherals using a
single USB port with a USB hub

Figure 4-32
Other types of ports include:

Firewir Bluetoo SCSI
e port th port port
eSATA IrDA Serial

port port port
MIDI
port
A Bluetooth wireless port A smart phone might
adapter converts a USB communicate with a notebook
port into a Bluetooth port computer using an IrDA port

Figures 4-33 4-34
A port replicator is an
external device that
provides connections
to peripherals through
ports built into the
device
A docking station is an
external device that
attaches to a mobile
computer or device

Figure 4-35
Buses
A bus allows the various
devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate
with each other
Data bus
Address bus
Word size is the
number of bits the
processor can interpret
and execute at a given
time

Figure 4-36
Buses
Expansion slots connect to expansion

buses
Common types of expansion buses
PCI Accelerate
include:
PCI bus Express d Graphics
bus Port
USB and
PC Card
FireWire
bus
bus

Bays
A bay is an
opening inside the
system unit in
which you can
install additional
equipment
A drive bay
typically holds disk
drives

Figure 4-37
Power Supply
The power supply converts

the wall outlet AC power into DC
power
Some external peripherals have

an AC adapter, which is an
external power supply
Putting It All Together
Home Small Office/ Mobile

Intel Core i5 or Home Office Intel Core i7
Intel Core 2 i3 or Intel Core i7 or Extreme or
AMD Athlon II or Intel Core i7 Intel Core i7 or
AMD Sempron Extreme or AMD AMD Phenom II or
Phenom II or AMD Turion II
AMD Athlon II
Minimum RAM: 2
GB Minimum RAM: 2
Minimum RAM: 4 GB
GB
Figure 4-38
Putting It All Together
Power Enterprise
Intel Xeon or Intel Core i7 or
Intel Itanium or Intel Core i7
AMD Opteron Extreme or AMD
Minimum RAM: 8 Phenom II or
GB AMD Athlon II
Minimum RAM: 4
GB
Figure 4-38
Keeping Your Computer
or Mobile Device Clean
Clean your computer or mobile device once or

twice a year
Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile

device before cleaning it
Use compressed air to blow away dust
Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the

case and a cleaning solution and soft cloth to
clean the screen
Summary
Sequence of
How memory
operations that
Components of the stores data,
occur when a
system unit instructions, and
computer executes
information
an instruction
Comparison of
How to clean the
various personal
exterior and
computer
interior of a
processors on the
system unit
market today

Chapter 4
System Unit Components
Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Chapter 4 Complete

Chapter 04

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 04

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4

System Unit Components

Differentiate among Describe the control

See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 2

Explain the purpose of a Understand how to clean a

See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 3

Page 210 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 4

The inside of the system unit on a

The motherboard is the main circuit

Page 212 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 6

The processor, also called the central

Page 213 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 8

The control unit is the component of

Page 214 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 9

For every instruction, a processor

Page 215 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 10

Pages 215 216 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 11

The processor contains

Pages 216 217 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 13

Determine how you plan to use a new

Page 218 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 14

Pages 219 - 220 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 15

Parallel processing uses multiple processors

Page 220 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 16

Lets watch video

Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 17

Analog signals are continuous and

Digital signals are in one of two

A computer circuit represents Eight bits grouped together

Page 221 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 19

Page 221 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 20

Page 222 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 21

Memory consists of electronic

Page 223 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 22

Each location in memory has an address

Page 223 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 23

The system unit contains two types of

Pages 223 - 224 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 24

Page 224 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 25

Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

Page 225 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 26

RAM chips usually reside on a memory

Page 225 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 27

The amount of RAM necessary in a

Page 226 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 28

Memory cache speeds the processes of the

Page 227 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 29

Read-only memory (ROM) refers to

A PROM (programmable read-only

Page 228 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 30

Flash memory can be erased

Pages 228 229 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 31

Access time is the amount of time it

Page 229 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 32

Page 230 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 33

Pages 230 231 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 34

Page 231 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 35

A port is the point at which a peripheral

A connector joins a cable to a port

Page 232 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 36

Page 232 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 37

On a notebook computer, the ports are

Pages 232 - 233 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 38

Page 233 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 39