SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED

INFECTIONS (STIs)
 What is a Sexually Transmitted
Infection?
A sexually transmitted infection (STI)
is an infection that is commonly
passed from one person to the
other through unprotected sex
and sometimes genital contact.
STIs can also be transmitted through
the following:
Vaginal intercourse
Oral sex
Anal sex
Unsterilized IV needles
Mother to baby through
breastfeeding
Blood transfusions
Most STIs initially do not cause symptoms. This
means that you can get infected for a long time
without knowing it. General symptoms include:
Sores or blisters on the genitals on or around
the anus, or mouth
Irregular growths (warts) in genital area
Vaginal or penile discharge (may be unusual-
smelling or discoloured)
Genital itching
Pain with urination or having a bowel
movement
Pain with intercourse
Vaginal bleeding or spotting after sexual
intercourse
Lower abdominal pain
Pain or swelling of glands in groin area
 COMMON SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
 Gonorrhea
Caused by bacterium Neisseria
Gonorrheae passed through direct
contact between infectious mucous
membranes from one person to
another.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MEN (5%-10% have no symptoms)
Frequency and urgency in urination
A pus-like discharge from penis
(white, yellow, beige or greenish)
Swelling or redness in penis opening
Swelling or pain in testicles
Persistent sore throat
 WOMEN
Vaginal discharge (watery, creamy,
or slightly green)
Pain or burning sensation when
urinating
frequent
Heavier periods or spotting
Sore throat
Pain upon sexual intercourse
Sharp pain in lower abdomen
Fever
Diagnosis
Gram Staining
Culture if cervical and urethral smear

Treatment
Antibiotics
Complications
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Sterility
Arthritis
Blindness
Meningitis
Heart damage
Kidney damage
Skin rash
Ectopic pregnancy
Eye damage in newborns

Prevention
Use protection
Abstinence
 Syphilis

Caused by Treponema Pallidium

passed through direct contact with
infectious sore.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Primary: painless chancre(sore) at site of entry
of germs, swollen glands.
Secondary(1 to 6 months after sore):
Rash
Patchy hair loss
Sore throat
Swollen glands
Latent: 5-20+ years without symptoms, and no
longer infectious.
Pregnant woman can transmit the disease to her
unborn child (congenital syphilis).
Late: damage to body organs such as the brain
and the liver.
Diagnosis
Dark field illumination test
Kalm test

Treatment
Antibiotics
Complications
Severe damage to nervous system
and body organs
Heart disease
Insanity
Brain damage
Severe illness
Death of newborns
 Chlamydia
Causative Agent:
Chlamydia Tranchomatis passed
during sexual contact; infants can
become infected during vaginal
delivery. Highly contagious.
Incubation:
2-3 weeks for males; usually no
symptoms in females.

Signs and Symptoms:

Symptoms tend to develop slowly and
are often mild. Many cases have no
symptoms.
 Females:
Sometimes a slight vaginal discharge
itching and burning of vagina
painful intercourse
abdominal pain
fever in later stages
Males:
Discharge from penis
burning and itching of urethral opening
burning sensation during urination
Diagnosis:
Difficult to diagnose. Culture test san
determine disease, but many private
doctors and hospitals do not have it.
Diagnosis is often by ruling out
gonorrhea with appropriate test. A
more rapid test involving microscopic
examination of discharge from
urethra or cervix has been
developed.
Treatment:
Antibiotics as prescribed.

Complications:
If untreated, can cause:
Sterility
pre-maturity and stillbirths
infant pneumonia and eye infections
in infants, which can lead to
blindness.
 GARDIANELLA VAGINITIS
(Nonspecific Vaginitis)
Causative Agent: Varies

Signs and Symptoms:

Most persons do not have any
symptoms especially rare in males.
Female symptoms may include:
a slight grayish or yellow odorous
vaginal discharge
mild itching or burning sensation.
Treatment:
Curable with antibiotics and vaginal
creams or suppositories

Complication:
Recently, this condition has been
associated with prematurity and
other abnormal pregnancy outcomes.
 TRICHOMONIASIS (Trich)
Causative agent:
Protozoan- Trichomonas vaginalis.
USUALLU PASSED BY DIRECT SEXUAL
CONTACT. Can be transmitted
through contact with wet objects,
such as towels, wash clothes and
douching equipment
Incubation:
4 to 20 days, with average of 7 days

Signs and Symptoms:

Many women and most men have no
symptoms.
Females:
white or greenish yellow odorous
discharge
vaginal itching and soreness
painful urination.
 Males:
slight itching of penis
painful urination
clear discharge from penis.

Diagnosis:
Microscopic slide of discharge
culture tests
examination
Treatment:
Curable with an oral medication
Complications:
Long term effects in adult not know.
There is some evidence that infected
individuals are more likely to develop
cervical cancer.
 Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a virus that infects the
liver.
The virus is transmitted through
contact with the blood or other body
fluids of an infected person.
A mother who has the virus can pass
it to her baby during delivery.
Complications can include cirrhosis
and liver cancer.
An infected person may or may not be
symptomatic. Common symptoms
include:
Fatigue
Mild fever
Headache
Loss of appetite
Nausea and/or vomiting
Abdominal pain
Tan-colored stools
Dark urine
Jaundice
 A number of blood tests are available
to diagnose and monitor people with
hepatitis B. Laboratory diagnosis of
hepatitis B infection focuses on the
detection of the hepatitis B surface
antigen HBsAg.
There is no specific treatment
foracutehepatitis B. Therefore, care
is aimed at maintaining comfort and
adequate nutritional balance,
including replacement of fluids lost
from vomiting and diarrhea.
 Chronichepatitis B infection can be
treated with drugs, including oral
antiviral agents. Treatment can slow
the progression of cirrhosis, reduce
incidence of liver cancer and improve
long term survival.
 HIV/AIDS
HIV Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus infection
AIDS Acute
Immune Deficiency
Syndrome

Causative Agent:
Retrovirus Human
T-cell lymphotrophic
virus 3 (HTLV-3)
Mode of Transmission:
Sexual contact
Blood transfusion
Contaminated syringes, needles,
nipper, razor blades
Direct contact of open
wound/mucous membrane
Signs and Symptoms
Physical:
Maculo-papular rashes
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Fever of unknown origin
Malaise
Persistent diarrhea
Mental:
Early stage
Forgetfulness
Loss of concentration
Loss of libido
Apathy
Psychomotor retardation
Withdrawal

Later stage
Confusion
Diagnosis:
Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent
Assay (ELISA) presumptive test
Western blot confirmatory test
Prevention:
Maintain monogamous relationship
Avoid promiscuous sexual contact
Sterilize needles, syringes and
instruments
Proper screening of blood donors
Rigid examination of blood and other
products for transfusion
Avoid oral, anal contact and
swallowing of semen
Use of condoms and other protective
devices