PHARYNX

Lab. Anatomi Histologi

FK Unibraw
 THE PHARYNX

Funnel-shaped passageway
Connects nasal cavity and mouth
Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems
Divided into three sections by location
Nasopharynx superior portion,
Oropharynx continuous with the oral cavity
Laryngopharynx between the hyoid bone
and the esophagus
Type of mucosal lining changes along its length
 THE PHARYNX

BASIS CRANII

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

CART.CRICOIDEA
 THE OUTLET OF PHARYNX

CHOANE

ISTHMUS PHARYNGEALIS

ISTHMUS FAUCIUM

ADITUS LARYNGIS
 MUSCLES OF PHARYNX

Meet posteriorly at pharyngeal raphe.

Overlap constrictor muscles above.

Lateral gaps occur between constrictor

muscles anteriorly.
Used in swallowing.
 MUSCLES OF PHARYNX

1. PARS CIRCULARIS
M. constrictor pharyngealis superior
M. constrictor pharyngealis media
M. constrictor pharyngealis inferior
Innervation : N. vagus (N.X)
Action : pushes bolus into the oesophagus

2. PARS LONGITUDINALIS
M. stylopharyngeus
M. palatopharyngeus
M. salphyngopharyngeus
Innervation : N.vagus (N.X), except M. stylopharyngeus
from N. glossopharyngeus (N.IX)
Action : elevate pharynx
MUSCLES OF PHARYNX

PARS CIRCULARIS

M. constrictor pharyngis superior

M. constrictor pharyngis medius

M. constrictor pharyngis inferior

 Pars longitudinalis

M. salphyngo
pharyngeus M. stylopharyngeus

M. palatopharyngeus
 THE NASOPHARYNX
Superior to the point where food enters
Only an air passageway
Closed off during swallowing
Epithelium consists of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
that moves mucus
Ostium tuba auditiva :
At the lateral wall
The elevation of pars cartilagines : torus tubarius
Torus levatorius :
Caudal ostium tuba auditiva
The elevation of mucosa

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Located on postero-superior wall
Destroys entering pathogens
 NASOPHARYNX
TONSIL
PHARYNGEALIS
TORUS TUBARIUS
OST. TUBA
AUDITIVA
TORUS
ELEVATORIUS
PLICA SALPHYNGO
PHARYNGEUS
 THE OROPHARYNX
Arch-like entranceway fauces
Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
Epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Two types of tonsils in the oropharynx
Palatine tonsils in the lateral walls of the fauces
Lingual tonsils covers the posterior surface of the
tongue
Isthmus faucium
Cranial : Palatum molle
Caudal : Radix lingualis Tonsila lingualis
Lateral :
Plica palatoglossus Fossa Tonsila
Plica palatopharyngealis tonsilaris palatina
THE OROPHARYNX
 THE LARYNGOPHARYNX

Passageway for both food and air

Epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
 THE LARYNGOPHARYNX

EPIGLOTIS PLICA PHARYNGO-

EPIGLOTICA

RECESSUS ADITUS LARYNGIS

PIRIFORMIS
 RING OF WALDEYER

A lymphoid tidssue ring,

consist of :

Tonsila palatina
(amandel)
Tonsila pharyngica
(adenoid)
Tonsila lingualis
Tonsila tubarius
 VASCULARISATION

A. carotis externa :
A. pharyngica ascendens
A. facialis :
A. palatina ascendens
R. tonsilaris

Branch of A. lingualis
A. maxillaris :
R. pharyngealis
 VASCULARISATION
R. pharyngealis A.maxillaris

A. palatina ascendens
R. tonsilaris

Cabang A. lingualis A. pharyngica ascenden

 Innervation of the Pharynx
Motor Innervation
N. glossopharyngeus (IX) for m. stylopharyngeus

N. vagus (X) and allied N. accessorius (XI)

N. laryngeus recurrent

Sensory Innervation
N. glossopharyngeus (IX) , to oropharynx region

N. vagus (X) to remainder of pharynx

LARYNX
 THE LARYNX

Functions :
Vocalisation Voice production

Respiration Provides an open airway

Effort closure to elevate intra abdominal pressure

Swallowing prevent food and drink from entering

the trachea
 Cartilages Of The Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence (Adams apple)
Cricoid cartilage
Lies at level of cervical vertebra 6.
Three pairs of small cartilages
Arytenoid cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages
Epiglottis
Tips inferiorly during swallowing
 Ligaments Of The Larynx

1. Extrinsic Ligaments
a. Membrana thyrohyoid
b. Lig. cricotracheale

2. Intrinsic Ligaments :
a. Lig. cricothyroid
b. Lig. crico-arytenoid
b. Lig. vocalis
d. Conus elasticus
Extrinsic Lig.

MBR.THYROHYOID

MBR.CRICOTRACHEALE
 Intrinsic Lig.

MEBR.CRICOTHYROIDEA

CONUS ELASTICUS

LIG. VOCALE

MEBR.CRICOTHYROIDEA
 MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES INTRINSIC MUSCLES
ELEVATOR MUSCLES : TENSOR
M. digastricus M. Cricothyroid
ADDUCTOR + SPHINCTER
M. mylohyoid
M. Cricoarytenoid lateralis
M. stylohyoid M. Thyro-arytenoid
M. Stylopharyngeus M. Vocalis
M. Palatopharyngeus M. Arytenoid transversalis.
DEPRESOR MUSCLES : M.Arytenoid obliquus
ABDUCTOR
M. Omohyoid M. Cricoarytenoid posterior
M. Sternohyoid
M. Sternothyroid
 Extrinsic Muscles

M. Mylohyoid

M. Stylohyoid M. Digastricus

M. Thyrohyoid

M. Sternohyoid
M. Omohyoid
M. Sternothyroid
 Extrinsic Muscles

M. Palatopharyngeus
M. Stylopharyngeu
 Intrinsic Muscles

M.VOCALIS
M. CRICO-ARYTENOIDEA
POSTERIOR
M. CRICOTHYROID

M. CRICO-ARYTENOIDEA
LATERALIS
 Intrinsic Muscles

M. THYRO-
EPIGLOTICA

M. ARYTENOID
TRANSVERSALIS

M. ARYTENOID
OBLIQUUS M. THYRO-
ARYTENOIDEA
 THE OPENINGS & FOLDS OF LARYNX
Aditus laryngeus
The outlet from laryngopharnx to
laryngeal cavity
Plica Vestibularis
False vocal cords.
No role in sound production
Plica Ventricularis / Pl.Vocalis
True vocal cords (Vocal ligaments)
Act in sound production
Rima vestibuli
space between plica vestibuli
Rima glotidis
Space between plica vocalis
Narrowest part of laryngeal cavity.
Opens and closes to regulate passage
of air.
 LARYNGEAL CAVITY

Cavum laryngis superior

(Vestibulum laryngis)

Cavum laryngis medius

(Ventriculus laryngis)

Cavum laryngis inferior

(Cavum
infraglottidis)
 Innervation of Larynx
Branches of Vagus nerve:

N. laryngeus externus:
To cricothyroid muscle.

N. laryngeus internus :
Sensory to mucosa above vocal
folds.
Sensory to piriform recess and
valleculae.

N. laryngeus reccurent:
All remaining muscles of the larynx.
Sensory to mucosa of larynx below
vocal folds.
 Blood Supply of Larynx

Superior laryngeal artery:

From superior thyroid artery.
Inferior laryngeal artery:
Branch of inferior thyroid artery.
 RESPIRATION

Aditus laryngis
Vestibulum
Rima vestibuli
Rima glotidis

OPENED
 PHONATION

Plica Vocalis :
adduksi
Vibrasi
Rima Glotidis :
closed
Rima Vestibuli :
Open
Voice production
Length of the vocal folds
changes with pitch
Loudness depends on the
force of air across the vocal
folds
 PHONATION

SUBSYSTEM ORGAN MEKANISME

Sistem tekanan Diafragma Regulasi tekanan udara yg
udara M.intercostalis menggetarkan plica
Costae vocalis
Otot 2 perut
Paru

Sistem vibrasi Larynx Merubah tekanan udara

Plica vocalis menjadi getaran suara

Sistem resonansi Tractus vocalis : Mengeluarkan suara yg

Pharynx, cavum oris bisa dikenali
cavum nasi, sinus
paranasalis
 EFFORT CLOSURE

Plica Vocalis
Plica Vestibuli

ADDUKSI

Rima Glotidis
Rima Vestibuli

CLOSED
 SWALLOWING

Rima glotidis
Rima vestibuli
Vestibulum

closed
Aditus laryngis

narrowed
Epiglotis :

downward to the
arytenoid
SWALLOWING MECHANISM

1.ORAL PREPARATORY PHASE

Manipulation & mastication of food
reduce food to a bolus and
position it for transport

2.ORAL PHASE
Tongue propels the bolus backward
(voluntary) sensory receptors in
the oropharyng & tongue stimulated
(triggering Pharyngeal swallow)
N. IX Brain Stem
3. THE PHARYNGEAL PHASE
Complete closure of velopharyngeal opening.

Epiglottis begins to downfold

Tongue base to posterior pharyngeal wall contact

Top to bottom contractions of pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Continued superior movement of hyoid & larynx

Laryngeal closure starts from bottom up

Relaxation of cricopharygeus muscle

& opening of upper esophageal

sphincter region
4. THE ESOPHAGEAL PHASE
Peristalsis carries the bolus through esophagus to the
stomach.
The lower espohageal sphincter opens.
NEURAL REGULATION OF SWALLOWING
N. V (N. Trigeminus)
chewing

N. VII ( N. Facialis)
Sensation of oropharynx & taste to ant. 2/3 tongue
N. IX ( N. Glossopharyng)
taste to post. Tongue, sensory & motor functions

of pharynx
N. X ( N. Vagus )
taste to oropharynx, sensory & motor function to

larynx & laryngopharynx

N. XII ( N. Hypoglossus)
motor function of tongue