Oceanic Energy

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 Renewable Energies
Hydro Power
Wind Energy
Solar Power
Oceanic Energy
Geothermal
Biomass

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Oceanic Energy Outline

Overview Wave Energy

Tidal Power Technologies
Technologies Environmental
Environmental Impacts
Impacts Economics
Economics Future Promise
Future Promise Assessment

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Overview of Oceanic
Energy

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Tidal Energy

WHAT IS IT For tidal differences to

Tides of water caused be harnessed into
by the Moon and Sun, electricity the
in combination with difference between
Earth's rotation. high and low tides
must be at least 16
practically
feet.
inexhaustible and it is
classified as a
There are only about
renewable resource. 40 sites on the earth
with tidal ranges of this
magnitude.

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 Tides
Basically, tides are very long waves that move through the oceans in response
to the forces exerted by the moon and sun. Tides originate near the middles of
oceans and progress toward the coastlines where they appear as the regular rise
and fall of the sea surface. When the highest part, or crest of the wave reaches a
particular location, high tide occurs; low tide corresponds to the lowest part of the
wave, or its trough. The difference in height between the high tide and the low
tide is called the tidal range.

High tide Low tide

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Global Primary Energy
Sources

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Renewable Energy Use

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Tidal Energy In Pakistan
The coastline of Pakistan, which is about 1,045 km-long
with dominant features, is the best resource for harnessing
tidal energy. In Sindh, two sites, creek system of Indus
delta of 170 km and two to five meters tidal heights at the
Korangi Creek, can alone generate 900MW tidal power.
Sonmiani Beach and Kalamat are also good prospects of
tidal energy in Baluchistan. Government has issued
license to private companies to take measures to build
tidal power stations in February 2013. Since then, the
engineering work is under process, and initially a 10 MW
plant is proposed at Sonmiani Bay. Construction was
expected to start by the end of 2013.

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Basic Physics of Tides
Gravitational pull of the sun
and moon and the pull of the
centrifugal force of rotation of
the earth-moon system.
When a landmass lines up with
the earth-moon system, the
water around it is at high tide.
When a landmass is at 90 to
the earth-moon system, the
water around it is at low tide.
There are two high tides and
two low tides during each
period of rotation of the earth.
Spring and Neap tides
depend on the orientation of
the sun, moon, and the earth.
High spring tides occur when
the sun and moon line up with
the earth. This occurs whether
they are either on same or
opposite side.
Low neap tides occur when
the sun and moon line up at 90
to each other.
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Tidal Motions

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Tidal Forces

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Tidal Energy
Technologies

1. Tidal Turbine Farms

2. Tidal Barrages (dams)

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1. Tidal Turbine Farms

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Tidal Turbines
Tidal turbines look like wind turbines. They
are arranged underwater in rows, as in some
wind farms.
Ideal locations for tidal turbine farms are
close to shore in water depths of 65.598.5
feet.
Turbines were submerged in the East River
to generate electricity from rapid tidal
currents.

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Tidal Current Turbine

Extracts kinetic energy from moving water

generated by tides.
Operate during flood and ebb tides.
Consists of a rotor, gearbox, and a generator.
These three parts are mounted onto a
support structure. There are three main types:
Gravity structure
Piled structure
Floating structure

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Tidal Turbines (MCT)
750 kW 1.5 MW
15 20 m rotors
3 m dia monopile
10 20 RPM
Deployed in multi-unit
farms or arrays
Like a wind farm, but
Water 800x denser than air
Smaller rotors
More closely spaced

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Marine Current Turbine
(MCT)
Marine current turbines work, in principle, much like
submerged windmills, but driven by flowing water rather
than air. They can be installed in the sea at places with
high tidal current velocities, or in a few places with fast
enough continuous ocean currents, to take out energy
from these huge volumes of flowing water. These flows
have the major advantage of being an energy resource
which is mostly as predictable as the tides that cause
them, unlike wind or wave energy which respond to the
more random changes of the weather system.

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Tidal Turbines
(Swanturbines)
Direct drive to generator
No gearboxes
Gravity base
Versus a bored foundation
Fixed pitch turbine blades
Improved reliability
But trades off efficiency

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Swanturbine
The "Swanturbines" design is different to other devices in
a number of ways. The most significant is that it is direct
drive, where the blades are connected directly to the
electrical generator without a gearbox between. This is
more efficient and there is no gearbox to go wrong.
Another difference is that it uses a "gravity base", a large
concrete block to hold it to the seabed, rather than
drilling into the seabed.
Finally, the blades are fixed pitch, rather than actively
controlled, this is again to design out components that
could be unreliable.

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Deeper Water Current
Turbine

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Oscillating Tidal Turbine
Oscillates up and down
150 kW prototype
operational (2003)
Plans for 3 5 MW
prototypes

http://www.engb.com

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Polo Tidal Turbine
Vertical turbine blades
Rotates under a
tethered ring
50 m in diameter
20 m deep
600 tonnes
Max power 12 MW

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Advantages of Tidal Turbines

Low Visual Impact

Mainly, if not totally submerged.
Low Noise Pollution
Sound levels transmitted are very low
High Predictability
Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind
High Power Density
Much smaller turbines than wind turbines for the
same power
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Disadvantages of Tidal
Turbines
High maintenance costs
High power distribution costs
Somewhat limited upside capacity
Intermittent power generation

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2. Tidal Barrage
Schemes

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Definitions

Barrage
An artificial dam to increase the depth of water for
use in irrigation or navigation, or in this case,
generating electricity.
Flood
The rise of the tide toward land (rising tide)
Ebb
The return of the tide to the sea (falling tide)

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Tidal Barrage

Utilize potential
energy
Tidal barrages are
typically dams built
across an estuary or
bay.
Consist of turbines,
sluice gates,
embankments, and
ship locks.
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Tidal Barrage

A barrage or dam is typically used to convert tidal

energy into electricity by forcing the water
through turbines, activating a generator.
Gates and turbines are installed along the dam.
When the tides produce an adequate difference
in the level of the water on opposite sides of the
dam, the gates are opened.
The water then flows through the turbines. The
turbines turn an electric generator to produce
electricity.
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Types of Tidal Barrage
Single Basin System:
Ebb generation: During flood tide basin is filled and sluice gates
are closed , trapping water. Gates are kept closed until the tide has
ebbed sufficiently and thus turbines start spinning and generating
electricity.
Flood generation: The basin is filled through the turbine which
generate at flood tide.
Two way generation: Sluice gates and turbines are closed until
near the end of the flood tide when water is allowed to flow through
the turbines into the basin creating electricity. At the point where
the hydrostatic head is insufficient for power generation the sluice
gates are opened and kept open until high tide; when they are
closed. When the tide outside the barrage has dropped sufficiently
water is allowed to flow out of the basin through the turbines again
creating electricity.

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32
Types of Tidal Barrage
Cont
Double Basin System:
There are two basins, but it operates similar to en
ebb generation, single-basin system. The only
difference is a proportion of the electricity is used
to pump water into the second basin allowing
storage.
Which can be used to generate electricity at later
stage.

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 Potential Tidal Barrage Sites

Only about 20 sites in the world have been identified as possible tidal barrage stations

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Schematic of Tidal Barrage

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Cross Section of a Tidal
Barrage

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Tidal Barrage Bulb Turbine

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Tidal Barrage Rim Generator

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Tidal Barrage Tubular
Turbine

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La Rance Tidal Power
Barrage
Rance River estuary, Brittany (France)

Largest in world
Completed in 1966
2410 MW bulb turbines (240 MW)
5.4 meter diameter
Capacity factor of ~40%
Maximum annual energy: 2.1 TWh
Realized annual energy: 840 GWh
Electric cost: 3.7/kWh
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La Rance Tidal Power
Barrage

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La Rance River, Saint Malo

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La Rance Barrage Schematic

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Cross Section of La Rance
Barrage

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La Rance Turbine Exhibit

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Tidal Barrage Energy
Calculations
R = range (height) of tide (in m)
A = area of tidal pool (in km2)
m = mass of water
g = 9.81 m/s2 = gravitational constant
= 1025 kg/m3 = density of seawater
0.33 = capacity factor (20-35%)
E mgR / 2 ( AR) gR / 2
E 1397R A kWh per tidal cycle
2

Assuming 706 tidal cycles per year (12 hrs 24 min per cycle)
E yr 0.997 106R 2 A
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 La Rance Barrage Example
= 33%
R = 8.5 m
A = 22 km2

E yr 0.997 10 6R 2 A
E yr 0.997 10 (0.33)(8.5 )(22)
6 2

E yr 517 GWh/yr

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Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005
Proposed Severn Barrage
(1989)

Never constructed, but instructive

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Proposed Severn Barrage
(1989)
Severn River estuary
Border between Wales and England
216 40 MW turbine generators (9.0m dia)
8,640 MW total capacity
17 TWh average energy output
Ebb generation with flow pumping
16 km total barrage length
8.2 ($15) billion estimated cost (1988)

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Severn Barrage
Layout

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Severn Barrage Proposal
Effect on Tide Levels

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Severn Barrage Proposal
Power Generation over Time

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Severn Barrage Proposal
Capital Costs

~$15 billion
(1988 costs)

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Severn Barrage Proposal
Energy Costs
~10/kWh
(1989 costs)

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Severn Barrage Proposal
Capital Costs versus Energy
Costs

1p 2

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Offshore Tidal Lagoon

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Tidal Lagoons
Tidal lagoons are an adaptation of the barrage system. Similar to
standard barrage models, tidal lagoons retain a head pond and
generate power via conventional hydro-turbines.
The difference is that the conventional barrage designs exploit
the natural coast line to minimize barrage length. However, this
entails blocking the estuary regardless of how deep it is. This
raise the costs considerably.
However, a lagoon, for a low cost can pretty much be built
anywhere that there is a high tidal range.
The lagoon has relatively little visual impact, as it is below the
high water tide mark and appears like a normal sea wall at low
tide.

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Tidal Lagoons Cont

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Tidal Fence
Array of vertical axis tidal
turbines
No effect on tide levels
Less environmental impact
than a barrage
1000 MW peak (600 MW
average) fences soon

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Tidal Fence

Tidal fences look like giant turnstiles. They

can reach across channels between small
islands or across straits between the
mainland and an island.
A tidal fence has vertical axis turbines
mounted in a fence. All the water that passes
is forced through the turbines. They can be
used in areas such as channels between two
landmasses

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Promising Tidal Energy Sites
Country Location TWh/yr GW
Canada Fundy Bay 17 4.3
Cumberland 4 1.1
USA Alaska 6.5 2.3
Passamaquody 2.1 1
Argentina San Jose Gulf 9.5 5
Russia Orkhotsk Sea 125 44
India Camby 15 7.6
Kutch 1.6 0.6
Korea 10
Australia 5.7 1.9

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Tidal Barrage Environmental
Factors
Changes in estuary ecosystems
Less variation in tidal range
Fewer mud flats
Less turbidity clearer water
More light, more life
Accumulation of silt
Concentration of pollution in silt
Visual clutter

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 Advantages of Tidal Barrages

High predictability
Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind
Similar to low-head dams
Known technology
Protection against floods
Benefits for transportation (bridge)
Some environmental benefits

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http://ee4.swan.ac.uk/egormeja/index.htm
Disadvantages of Tidal
Turbines
High capital costs
Few attractive tidal power sites worldwide
Intermittent power generation
Silt accumulation behind barrage
Accumulation of pollutants in mud
Changes to estuary ecosystem

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Wave Energy

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Wave Energy

Where does wave energy originate?

Differential warming of the earth causes pressure
differences in the atmosphere, which generate
winds
As winds move across the surface of open bodies
of water, they transfer some of their energy to the
water and create waves

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The amount of energy transferred and the size of
the resulting wave depend on
the wind speed
the length of time for which the wind blows
the distance over which the wind blows, or fetch

Therefore, coasts that have exposure to the

prevailing wind direction and that face long
expanses of open ocean have the greatest wave
energy levels.

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Wave Structure

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Wave Frequency and
Amplitude

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Wave Patterns over Time

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Wave Power Calculations
Hs2 = Significant wave height 4x rms water elevation (m)
Te = avg time between upward movements across mean (s)
P = Power in kW per meter of wave crest length
2
H T
P s e

2
Example: Hs2 = 3m and Te = 10s

H T 3 10
2 2
kW
P s e
45
2 2 m

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Orbit Diameter and Stokes
Drift
Idealized Wave Spectrum
 Global Wave Energy
Averages

Average wave energy (est.) in kW/m (kW per meter of wave length)

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http://www.wavedragon.net/technology/wave-energy.htm
 Wave Energy
The strongest
winds blow
between 30
and 60 in
latitude.

Western
coastlines at
these latitudes
experience the
most powerful
waves.
Global Wave Energy Resource Distribution
(measuring the amount of power in kW contained in each linear
meter of wave front)
Wave Energy Potential
Potential of 1,500 7,500 TWh/year
10 and 50% of the worlds yearly electricity demand
IEA (International Energy Agency)

200,000 MW installed wave and tidal energy power

forecast by 2050
Power production of 6 TWh/y
Load factor of 0.35
Carbon Trust (UK)

Independent of the different estimates the potential

for a pollution free energy generation is enormous.

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Wave Energy
Technologies

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Wave Concentration Effects

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Tapered Channel (Tapchan)

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Oscillating Water Column

An Oscillating Water Column (OWC) consists of a

partially submerged structure that opens to the
ocean below the water surface. This structure is
called a wave collector.

This design creates a water column in the central

chamber of the collector, with a volume of air
trapped above it.
Oscillating Water Column
As a wave enters the
collector, the surface of
the water column rises
and compresses the
volume of air above it.
The compressed air is
forced into an aperture at
the top of the chamber,
moving past a turbine.
As the wave retreats, the
air is drawn back through
the turbine due to the
reduced pressure in the
chamber.
Oscillating Water Column

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Oscillating Column Cross-
Section

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LIMPET Oscillating Water
Column
Completed 2000
Scottish Isles
Two counter-rotating
Wells turbines
Two generators
500 kW max power

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Mighty Whale Design
Japan

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Might Whale Design

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Turbines for Wave Energy

Turbine used in Mighty Whale

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Ocean Wave Conversion
System

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Wave Conversion System in
Action

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Wave Dragon

Wave Dragon
Copenhagen, Denmark
http://www.WaveDragon.net

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Wave Dragon Energy Output

in a 24kW/m wave climate = 12 GWh/year

in a 36kW/m wave climate = 20 GWh/year
in a 48kW/m wave climate = 35 GWh/year
in a 60kW/m wave climate = 43 GWh/year
in a 72kW/m wave climate = 52 GWh/year.

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Declining Wave Energy Costs

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Wave Energy Power
Distribution

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Wave Energy Supply vs. Electric
Demand

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On-shore technologies
Advantages
Easier to access for
construction and
maintenance
Less installment costs
and grid connection
charges
Could be incorporated
into harbor walls or water
breaks, performing a dual
service for the community
Disadvantages
Limited number of
suitable sites / high
competition for use of the
shoreline
Environmental concerns
for on-shore devices may
be greater
Much less energy
available to on-shore
devices because water
depth usually decreases
closer to the shore
Wave Energy
Environmental
Impacts

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Wave Energy Environmental
Impact
Little chemical pollution
Little visual impact
Some hazard to shipping
No problem for migrating fish, marine life
Extract small fraction of overall wave energy
Little impact on coastlines
Release little CO2, SO2, and NOx
11g, 0.03g, and 0.05g / kWh respectively

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Wave Energy
Summary

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Wave Power Advantages
Onshore wave energy systems can be incorporated
into harbor walls and coastal protection
Reduce/share system costs
Providing dual use
Create calm sea space behind wave energy
systems
Development of mariculture
Other commercial and recreational uses;
Long-term operational life time of plant
Non-polluting and inexhaustible supply of energy

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Wave Power Disadvantages
High capital costs for initial construction
High maintenance costs
Wave energy is an intermittent resource
Requires favorable wave climate.
Investment of power transmission cables to shore
Degradation of scenic ocean front views
Interference with other uses of coastal and offshore
areas
navigation, fishing, and recreation if not properly sited
Reduced wave heights may affect beach processes
in the littoral zone

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Wave Energy Summary

Potential as significant power supply (1 TW)

Intermittence problems mitigated by
integration with general energy supply
system
Many different alternative designs
Complimentary to other renewable and
conventional energy technologies

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Future Promise

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World Oceanic Energy
Potentials (GW)
Source Potential (est) Practical (est)
Tides 2,500 GW 20 GW
Waves 2,7003 500
Currents 5,000 50
OTEC1 200,000 40
Salinity 1,000,000 NPA4
World electric2 2,800
World hydro 4,000 550
1
Temperature gradients 3
Along coastlines 4
Not presently available
2
As of 1998

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THANKS

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