LOAD ANALYSIS OF RIGID

Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

FRAMES
Portal and Gable frames of single span, with or without
the provision of cranes, may conveniently be analyzed by
using the expressions given in Reference-1.
The frames are separately solved for various loadings and
the results are superimposed according to the possible
load combinations.
After analysis, free-body diagrams of all components
may be considered separately, such as beams, columns,
beam-columns, tension members and compression
members.
The components may then be designed using the routine
procedures for member design.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Example 10.6
A rectangular portal frame has the following data:
Span = 20 m.
Height = 6.5 m.
Pinned at the base.
The center-to-center spacing of the frames is 6 m.
Roof dead load is 1000 N/m2.
Live load (or minimum snow load) is 950 N/m2.
Total of windward and leeward wind load, assumed to
act on the windward side alone, is 1000 N/m2.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

The purlins are placed at every 2 m interval

on the girder.
Bracing is provided for the columns by the
longitudinal bracing at 2.75 m and 5.5 m
height from the bottom.
Design the frame assuming the moment of
inertia of beam equal to 1.5 times that of the
column for initial proportioning.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Solution
Gravity Load Analysis
Assume that only the gravity loads act on the frame.
Assume that the self weight of the girder is included
in the given dead load .
wD = 1000 6 / 1000 = 6.00 kN/m
wL = 950 6 / 1000 = 5.70 kN/m
wW = 875 6 / 1000 = - 5.25 kN/m
(Acting on roof)
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

1.2wD + 1.6 wL = 16.32 kN/m

1.2wD + 1.0 wL + 1.3 wW = 6.08 kN/m
0.9wD 1.3 wW = - 1.43 kN/m
I2 = 1.5 I1
h = 6.5 m
L = 20 m
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

I2 C
B

h
I1 I1

A D

Figure 10.26. Nomenclature for the Analysis of a Portal Frame.

 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

From Reference-1:
k = (I2 / I1) h / L

= 1.5 6.5 / 20 = 0.4875

N = 2k+3
= 3.975
MA = MD = 0
w L2

MB = MC = 4N
w 20 2
= = 25.16w kN-m
4 3.975
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

w L2
Mmax = ME = MB
8
w 20 2
= 25.16w = +24.84 kN-m
8

VA = VD = wL/2
= w 20 / 2 = 10 w kN

HA = HD = MB / h
= ( 25.16 w) / 6.5 = 3.87 w kN

The resulting moment diagram is given in Figure 10.27.

 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

+ C

Mmax

A
D HD
HA
VA VD

Figure 10.27. Bending Moment Diagram for Frame Subjected to Gravity Loads.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Wind Load Analysis

w = 1625 6 / 1000
= 9.75 kN/m
I2 = 1.5 I1
h = 6.5 m
L = 20 m
From Reference-1:
k = (I2 / I1) h / L
= 1.5 6.5 / 20 = 0.4875
N = 2k+3
= 3.975
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

MA = MD = 0
w h2 k 9.75 6.52 0.4875
MB = 2 N 1 = 1
2 3.975
4 4

= 96.67 kN-m
w h2 k
MC = 4 2 N 1

9.75 6.52
0.4875

2 3.975 1
= 4 = 109.30 kN-m
M B MC 96.67 109.30
ME = 2 = 2 = 6.32 kN/m
VD =
wh 2 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

2L
= 9.75 6.52 / (2 20) = 10.30 kN
VA = VD = 10.30 kN

HD = MC / h
= ( 109.30) / 6.5 = 16.82 kN

HA = (w h HD)
= (9.75 6.5 + 16.82) = 80.20 kN
Figure 10.28 provides shape of the bending moment diagram due to
the wind load.

The analysis results are combined together for various load

combinations in Table 10.2.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

E C
B

+
MC/VD = 10.61 m

A D
HA HD
VA VD

Figure 10.28. Bending Moment Diagram for Frame Subjected to Wind Loads.
 Prof. Mahboob
Table 10.2. Calculation of Design Forces for the Frame of Example 10.6. Ali Ch.

Forces Combinations Design

Value
1.2 D + 1.6 L 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 0.9 D + 1.3 W
1.3 W
VA (kN) 10(16.32) 10(6.08)-10.30(1.3) 10(-1.43)-10.30(1.3) 163.20

= 163.20 = 60.8(nt) - 13.39(lt) = -14.3(nt) -13.39(lt)

VD (kN) 10(16.32) 10(6.08)+10.30(1.3) 10(-1.43)+10.30(1.3) 163.20

= 163.20 = 60.8(nt)+13.39(lt) = -14.3(nt)+13.39(lt)

HA (kN) 3.87(16.32) 3.87(6.08)-16.82(1.3) 3.87(-1.43)-16.82(1.3) 63.16

= 63.16 = 1.66 = -27.40

HD (kN) 3.87(16.32) 3.87(6.08)-80.20(1.3) 3.87(-1.43)-80.20(1.3) 109.79

= 63.16 = - 80.73 = - 109.79

MB (kN-m) -25.16(16.32) -25.16(6.08)+96.67(1.3) -25.16(-1.43)+96.67(1.3) 410.61

= - 410.61 = 152.97(nt)+125.67(lt) = 35.98(nt)+125.67(lt) & +161.65

MC (kN-m) 25.16(16.32) 25.16(6.08)-109.30(1.3) -25.16(-1.43)-109.30(1.3) 410.61

= - 410.61 = 152.97(nt)-142.09(lt) = 35.98(nt)-142.09(lt)

ME (kN-m) 24.84(16.32) 24.84(6.08)-6.32(1.3) 24.84(-1.43)-6.32(1.3) 405.39

= 405.39 = 142.81 = - 43.74 & -43.74

 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Beam Design
Mmax = 410.61 kN-m
This moment will be increased due to sway
moment magnification but reduced due to the
AISC allowed redistribution of moments.
No modification is applied here as a
simplification.
Vmax = 163.20 kN
Lb = 2 m
From beam selection tables of Reference-1,
Section Selected: W61082
I2 = 56,200 104 mm4
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Perform all the checks as per the beam design

flow chart.
Minimum depth check is to be performed for
the partially fixed ends condition and not for the
simply supported case.
Beam-Column Design
Column AB: Pu = 163.20 kN
Vu = 63.16 kN
Mu = 410.61 kN-m
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Column DC:
Pu = 163.20 kN
Vu = 109.79 kN
Mu = 410.61 kN-m

Hence, column DC is more critical and design is

to be carried out for it.
The unbraced length of this column about the x-
direction is 6.5 m, while it is 2.75 m about the
y-direction.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

K-value
top = (I / L of columns) / (I / L of beams)

1.0 / 6.5
= = 2.05
1.5 / 20
bot = 10 for braced columns
and 20 for sway columns
Kx for braced conditions= 0.92 ( may conservatively be
taken as 1.0)
Ky for sway conditions = 2.30

mx = 10.0 - 14(d/1000)2 - 0.7 KxLx = 3.64

 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Selection of Trial Section

Assume 15% moment magnification.

Peq = Pu + Mux (mx)
= 163.20 + 1.15 410.61 3.64
= 1882 kN
KuLuy = 1.0 2.75= 2.75 m

Trial Section 1: W31079

rx / r y = 2.11
(KuLuy)eq = 2.3 6.5 / 2.11 = 7.09 m
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Trial Section 2: W360134

I1 = 41,600 104 mm4
I2 / I1 = 1.35 (close to the assumed value of
1.5)
Because of comparatively larger bending
moment compared with the axial force, the
section may be checked as a beam for the
magnified bending moment of 511 kN-m.
Greater depth sections, like W53092, for
such cases where the bending moment is more
pronounced may also be selected.
Perform the detailed checks.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Miscellaneous Details
The typical roof details consisting of 20 gage Tufcor
filled with lightweight concrete are given in Figure
10.29.
The roof finish may be made by using 3 Ply Felt and
Gravel built-up roof.
The typical details of the longitudinal purlins or steel
joists are also presented.
A section through an industrial building consisting of
portal frames placed at regular spacing is shown in
Figure 10.30, which explains the relative position of
major components of such buildings.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.
Tufcor Filled By Lightweight Concrete

Joist
False Ceiling

Wall Sheathing

Longitudinal Diagonal
Bracing
Floor
Details
Girt Foundation Details
Already Provided

Figure 10.30. Typical Section of an Industrial Building.

 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

3 Ply Felt And Gravel BuiltUp Roof

Steel Joist
Lightweight Insulating Concrete

Tufcor
20 Gage

Hanger For
False Ceiling
False Ceiling Frame For False
Ceiling

Figure 10.29. Roof and Insulation Details.

 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Question 10.6:
A rectangular portal frame has a span of R/60 m, height
of R/100 m and is pinned at the base. The center-to-
center spacing of the frames is R/120 m, roof dead load
is 1000 N/m2, live load (or minimum snow load) is 950
N/m2 and the total of windward and leeward wind load,
assumed to act on the windward side alone, is 1000
N/m2. The purlins are placed at every 2 m interval on
the girder and bracing is provided for the columns at
approximately 2.5 m interval by the longitudinal
bracing. Design the frame assuming the moment of
inertia of beam equal to 1.5 times that of the column
for initial proportioning.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

DESIGN OF BUILTUP PURLIN

The following procedure may be used to design

purlin, consisting of two angles at the top and two
angles at the bottom connected by diagonal plates,
making a truss like arrangement (Fig. 10.31).

* Assume dead load of the roof as specified

for tar-plus-gravel roofing or by some other
reasonable assumption.
* Calculate the load acting on the purlin.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

* Assume self-weight of the purlin (usually 10

per cent of the total unfactored load).
* The vertical distance between the centroids
of the angle sections (denoted by d) may
approximately be taken equal to S / 20, lesser
or equal to the girder depth.
* The gap between the two angles is kept
equal to twice the thickness of the diagonal
members.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

* The tension or compression in the top and

bottom chords may be calculated as under:
( M x ) max. unfactored
T or C =
d
* Lb for the top chord angles may be taken equal
to S / 4 (to be on conservative side). Design
top chord for a compression of 1.45C, using
the flow chart for a compression member.
* Design bottom chord for tension, having
T 1.45
factored force in one angle of
2 0.9 Fy
(approximately equal to 0.8T / Fy).
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

t
d

(b) Diagonal Member

(a) Details of Cross Section

Figure 10.31. Built-Up Purlin Section.

 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

To design the diagonal strips, the following steps

will be required:
* Find the factored shear force in the purlin
at the end, equal to 1.45 times the unfactored
shear.
e d / sin where = 45

Fu = Vu / sin = 2.05 Vunfact

* The minimum thickness to satisfy the
maximum slenderness ratio is calculated.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

d / 0.707
e / r 140 140
0.289t
d / t 28.6
tmin = d / 28.6 5 mm
(round the answer to next available size)

* The minimum width required for strength

is calculated.
* Similarly bmin to make a rivet / bolt hole is
evaluated.
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

(e / r)prov = 4.9 d / t,

Calculate c Fcr for this e / r ratio.

2.05 Vunfact
bt =
c Fcr
bmin = 3 diameter of fastener
* The maximum width for local stability is
calculated. If any criterion is not satisfied,
the thickness is increased. The value of b is
rounded.
bmax = 10.8 t
 Prof. Mahboob Ali Ch.

* The diameter of fastener is calculated for

the force in the diagonal member.