2/13/17 Moses Mwale

BBA 240
Lecture Two
mkmwale@icloud.com

School of Business, Economics and

Management Science

BBA120 STATISTICS
Lecture One
What is Statistics?
Uses of statistics

Branches of Statistics

1. descriptive statistics and

2. inferential statistics.
Todays Class
Data Sets
Types of Data
Types of Numerical Data
Ways of Displaying Quantitative Data
Ways of Displaying Categorical Data
 Data Sets

There are two types of data sets you will

use when studying statistics.
1. Populations,

2. Samples.
 Populations

One can be interested in knowing

The percentage of all voters in a
constituency who will vote for the MMD
candidate in a by-election.
The 2009 gross sales of all companies in on
the Lusaka Stock Exchange
The prices of all houses in Chongwe
Most of the time, decisions are made
based on portions of populations.
 Samples

The collection of a few elements selected

from a population is called a sample.
The collection of information from the
elements of a population or a sample is
called a survey.
A survey that includes every element of the
target population is called a census.
The purpose of conducting a sample survey
is to make decisions about the
corresponding population.
 Samples

A sample may be random or nonrandom.

In a random sample, each element of the
population has a chance of being included in the
sample.
A sample may be selected with or without
replacement.
In sampling with replacement, we put back our
element.
Sampling without replacement occurs when
the selected element is not replaced in the
population.
 Example: Identifying Data Sets

In a recent survey, 1500 adults in Kitwe

were asked if they thought that rebasing
our currency was a good Idea. Eight
hundred fifty-five (855) of the adults said
yes.
Identify the population and the sample?
Describe the sample data set?
 Example: Identifying Data Sets

Explain whether each of the following

constitutes a population or a sample.
a) Kilograms of bream caught by all participants in a
fishing competition
b) Credit card debts of 100 families selected from a city.
c) Number of goals scored by all FAZ KCM Football
League players in the 2011 season
d) Number of parole violations by all 2147 parolees in a
city
e) Amount spent on prescription drugs by 200 senior
citizens in a large city
 Types of Data

A variable is any characteristic whose

value may change from one individual or
object to another.
A data set consisting of observations on a
single characteristic is a univariate data
set.
A univariate data set can either be
categorical (or qualitative)
or numerical (or quantitative)
 EXAMPLE: University Choice Do-
Over?

The Higher Education Research Institute

surveys over 20,000 University fourth
year students each year. One question on
the 2011 survey asked UNILUS students
the following question:
If you could make your University choice
over, would you still choose to enroll at
UNILUS?
 EXAMPLE: University Choice Do-
Over?

Possible responses were definitely yes

(DY), probably yes (PY), probably no (PN),
and definitely no (DN). Responses for 20
students were:

DY PN DN DY PY PY PN PY PY DY
DY PY DY DY PY PY DY DY PN DY
 Types of Data

In some studies, attention focuses

simultaneously on two different
characteristics. This is called a bivariate
data set.
Multivariate data result from obtaining
a category or value for each of two or
more attributes
 Types of Numerical Data

Numerical data: These data have

meaning as a measurement.
Numerical data can be further broken into
two types:
discrete and
continuous.
 Discrete & Continuous Data

Discrete data represent items that can

be counted.

Data is continuous when observations

involve making measurements, as

opposed to counting.
 Example
The number of text messages sent on a particular day
is recorded for each of 12 students. The resulting data
set is

23 0 14 13 15 0 60 82 0 40 41 22
Possible values for the variable number of text
messages sent are 0, 1, 2, 3. . . .
Suppose that instead of the number of text messages
sent, the time spent texting had been recorded.
 Ways of Displaying Quantitative Data

When the data set is categorical, a

common way to present the data is in the
form of a table, called a frequency
distribution.
A frequency distribution for
categorical data is a table that displays
the possible categories along with the
associated frequencies and/or relative
frequencies.
 Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

lets use this set of data:

3223244122
4320221331

Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

x frequency
0 1
1 3
2 8
3 5
4 3
 Grouped Frequency Distribution

lets use this set of data:

3223244122
4320221331

Grouped Frequency
Distribution
x frequency
0-2 12
3-5 8
 Bar Charts

A bar chart is a graph of a frequency

distribution of categorical data.

Frequency Distribution of Stress Levels

Stress Frequency Relative
Frequency
Very 10 10/30 =.333
Somewhat 14 14/30 = .467
None 6 6/30 = .200
Sum = 30 Sum = 1.000
 Bar Charts

A bar chart is a graph of a frequency

distribution of categorical data.
Stress Levels
16

14

12

10

0
Very Somewhat None

Stress Levels in School of Law

 Pie Charts

A pie chart is more commonly used to

display percentages.
The whole pie (or circle) represents the
total sample or population.
Pie Charts

Stress Levels

None; 20%
Very; 33%

Somewhat; 47%

Very Somewhat
None
 Grouped Frequency Distribution

lets use this set of data:

3223244122
4320221331

Grouped Frequency
Distribution
x frequency
0-2 12
3-5 8
 Summary

Data Sets
Populations
Samples

Types of Data
Qualitative
Quantitative

Types of Numerical Data

Discrete
Continuous

Ways of Displaying Quantitative Data

Ways of Displaying Categorical Data