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1
Phases of the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle consists of
Interphase normal cell activity
INTERPHASE
Growth
G1 (DNA synthesis)
Growth
n
io
vs
G2
Di
ll
Ce
2
Functions of Cell Division
100 m 200 m 20 m
(a) Reproduction. An amoeba, (b) Growth and development. (c) Tissue renewal. These dividing
a single-celled eukaryote, is This micrograph shows a bone marrow cells (arrow) will
dividing into two cells. Each sand dollar embryo shortly after give rise to new blood cells (LM).
new cell will be an individual the fertilized egg divided, forming
organism (LM). two cells (LM).
3
Cell Division
4
DNA
Genetic information - genome
Packaged into chromosomes
Figure 12.3
50 m
5
DNA And Chromosomes
An average eukaryotic cell has about 1,000
times more DNA then an average
prokaryotic cell.
The DNA in a eukaryotic cell is organized
into several linear chromosomes, whose
organization is much more complex than the
single, circular DNA molecule in a
prokaryotic cell
6
Chromosomes
All eukaryotic cells store genetic information
in chromosomes.
Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50
23 nearly-identical pairs
7
Structure of Chromosomes
Chromosomes are composed of a
complex of DNA and protein called
chromatin that condenses during cell
division
DNA exists as a single, long, double-
stranded fiber extending chromosomes
entire length.
Each unduplicated chromosome contains
one DNA molecule, which may be
several inches long
8
Structure of Chromosomes
Every 200 nucleotide pairs, the DNA wraps twice around a
group of 8 histone proteins to form a nucleosome.
Higher order coiling and supercoiling also help condense
and package the chromatin inside the nucleus:
9
Karyotype
An ordered, visual representation of the chromosomes in a cell
Chromosomes are photographed when they are highly condensed, then photos
of the individual chromosomes are arranged in order of decreasing size:
In humans each somatic cell has 46 chromosomes, made up of two sets, one
set of chromosomes comes from each parent
Pair of homologous
chromosomes 5 m
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
10
Chromosomes
Non-homologous chromosomes
Look different
Sex chromosomes
Are distinct from each other in their
characteristics
Are represented as X and Y
Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
2n = 6
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
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Homologues
Homologous chromosomes:
Look the same
Control the same traits
May code for different forms of each trait
Independent origin - each one was inherited
from a different parent
13
Chromosome Duplication
In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense
Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids, which separate during cell
division
0.5 m
A eukaryotic cell has multiple
chromosomes, one of which is
represented here. Before
duplication, each chromosome
has a single DNA molecule. Chromosome
duplication
(including DNA
synthesis)
Once duplicated, a chromosome
Centromere
consists of two sister chromatids
connected at the centromere. Each
chromatid contains a copy of the
DNA molecule.
Sister
Separation chromatids
of sister
chromatids
Mechanical processes separate
the sister chromatids into two
chromosomes and distribute
them to two daughter cells.
14
Centrometers Sister chromatids
Chromosome Duplication
Because of duplication, each condensed chromosome
consists of 2 identical chromatids joined by a centromere.
Each duplicated chromosome contains 2 identical DNA
molecules (unless a mutation occurred), one in each
chromatid:
Non-sister
chromatids
Centromere Duplication
Sister Sister
chromatids chromatids
Two unduplicated
chromosomes Two duplicated chromosomes
15
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Structure of Chromosomes
The centromere is a constricted region of the chromosome containing a
specific DNA sequence, to which is bound 2 discs of protein called
kinetochores.
Kinetochores serve as points of attachment for microtubules that move
the chromosomes during cell division:
Metaphase chromosome
Centromere
region of
chromosome Kinetochore
Kinetochore
microtubules
Sister Chromatids
16
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Structure of Chromosomes
Diploid - A cell possessing two copies of each chromosome
(human body cells).
Homologous chromosomes are made up of sister
17
Phases of the Cell Cycle
Interphase
G - primary growth
1
S - genome replicated
G2 - secondary growth
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis
18
Interphase
G1 - Cells undergo majority of growth
S - Each chromosome replicates
(Synthesizes) to produce sister chromatids
Attached at centromere
19
Mitosis
DNA duplication
during interphase
Mitosis
Diploid Cell
20
Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell
Nuclear
envelope
Spindle Centrosome at Daughter forming
one spindle pole chromosomes
22
G2 of Interphase
A nuclear envelope bounds
the nucleus.
The nucleus contains one or
23
Prophase
The chromatin fibers become
more tightly coiled, condensing
into discrete chromosomes
observable with a light
microscope.
The nucleoli disappear.
Each duplicated chromosome
appears as two identical sister
PROPHASE
chromatids joined together.
The mitotic spindle begins to form. Aster
Early mitotic
It is composed of the centrosomes spindle Centromere
and the microtubules that extend
from them. The radial arrays of
shorter microtubules that extend
from the centrosomes are called
asters (stars).
The centrosomes move away from
25
The Mitotic Spindle
The spindle includes the centrosomes, the spindle
microtubules, and the asters
The apparatus of microtubules controls
chromosome movement during mitosis
The centrosome replicates, forming two
centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the
cell
Assembly of spindle microtubules begins in the
centrosome, the microtubule organizing center
An aster (a radial array of short microtubules)
extends from each centrosome
26
The Mitotic Spindle
Some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of
chromosomes and move the chromosomes to the metaphase
plate
In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move along the
kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell
Aster
Sister Centrosome
Microtubules Chromosomes chromatids Metaphase
plate
Kineto-
chores
Overlapping
nonkinetochore Kinetochore
microtubules microtubules
Centrosome 1 m 0.5 m
27
Anaphase
Anaphase is the shortest stage of
mitosis, lasting only a few minutes.
Anaphase begins when the two sister
28
Telophase
Two daughter nuclei begin to
less condensed.
Mitosis, the division of one
29
Mitosis in a plant cell
Nucleus Chromatine Chromosome
Nucleolus condensing
Metaphase. The
1 Prophase. 2 Prometaphase. 3 4 Anaphase. The 5 Telophase. Daughter
spindle is complete,
The chromatin We now see discrete chromatids of each nuclei are forming.
and the chromosomes,
is condensing. chromosomes; each chromosome have Meanwhile, cytokinesis
attached to microtubules
The nucleolus is consists of two separated, and the has started: The cell
at their kinetochores,
beginning to identical sister daughter chromosomes plate, which will
are all at the metaphase
disappear. chromatids. Later are moving to the ends divided the cytoplasm
plate.
Although not in prometaphase, the of cell as their in two, is growing
yet visible nuclear envelop will kinetochore toward the perimeter
in the micrograph, fragment. microtubles shorten. of the parent cell.
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
30
Cytokinesis
Cleavage of cell into two
halves
Animal cells
Constriction belt of
actin filaments
Plant cells
Cell plate
Mitosis occurs
31
Cytokinesis In Animal And Plant Cells
100 m
Cleavage furrow Vesicles Wall of 1 m
forming patent cell Cell plate
cell plate New cell wall