eNodeB Integration & Commissioning

Day1 : LTE Technology, Architecture & Air

Interface Overview
Prepared by:
Samsung Training team
Agenda
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day5

Introduction eNodeB eNodeB Alarms &

to LTE Overview Hands-On ATP 11B Operations Troubleshooting
Technology Grow/De-grow & Parameter

LTE Network Understanding Backhaul

Architecture LSM-R SCFT Operations & troubleshooting
Overview Parameter Process

LUNCH TIME 1.45 to 2.30 PM

RMA & Spares

LTE Air LSM-R Hands-On CLOT Operations Process
Interface Operations Grow/ De-Grow and Parameter
Overview Grow/De-grow

IP V6 eNodeB Closing address by

Introduction Growth Integration
to Commissioning Team(Abhijit or
IPV6,Addressi & Integration Kunal)
ng and Header validation and
Feedback
Course Name: Module 1 : LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

Course Objective Who Should Attend

This module will enable Integration Engineers, Integration
Leads, O&M Engineers, RAN
participants to understand engineers who do not have
LTE Technology Overview and experience on Samsung platform
Basic call processing with air Pre-Requisite
interface Basic understanding of 2g/3g or 4g

Morning Session (10:30am to

Afternoon Session (2:30pm to 6pm)
1:30pm) L
Introduction to LTE u UE Initialization and Air Interface
LTE Network Architecture n LTE Frame Structure
c
LTE Air Interface Basics h Call Processing & Handovers
b
Day 1 r
e
a
k
Document History

Date of
Edition Author Remarks
Issue
Samsung
Training
Draft version designed for fresh eNodeB
Draft 3rd Feb 2015 Team
Integration Engineer
Hiren
Dharani
Samsung
Training
Team Added New Section RF Parameters slide no
XX 14th Feb 2015
Hiren 100 to 108
Dharani
Agenda: Day 1
LTE Network Architecture
Cellular Architecture (2G and 3G)
LTE RAN & Core Philosophies
LTE Architecture Philosophy
LTE Network
eNodeB
MME
Serving Gateway
PDN Gateway
HSS & PCRF
eMBMS Elements
Samsung Smart Scheduler
Interfaces
LTE Protocol Stack User Plane
LTE Protocol Stack Control Plane
Protocol Stack
Interface between eNB and LSM
Transport Network Hierarchy

LTE Air Interface

LTE Channels & Frame Structures
LTE Protocol Stack User Plane
LTE Protocol Stack Control Plane
Types of Channels
3GPP LTE Physical Channels
Channel Mapping - Downlink
Channel Mapping - Uplink
LTE Frame Details
PSS and SSS
PSS - TD LTE
SSS TD LTE
System Acquisition
System Information
Summary View of Channel Functions
Agenda: Day 1 (continued.)
LTE Air Interface continued
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
PRACH & Configurations
Preamble Formats
Cell Radius from Preamble Time
Cell Radius Values
TDD Frame Structure &Special Sub frames
TDD Configuration Types
Physical Layers & Channels Structures
Downlink & Uplink frame Structure

RF Parameters
What is RSRP and RSSI
Understand RSRP, RSRQ and SINR
CQI Measurement and reports

Mobility
RRC Connection
Call Processing
Handover Procedures
X2 Handover
S1 Handover
Good to Know
Keep your mobile phone in the silent mode during the session

Facebook/Twitter etc. Not Allowed. You can be online on your office mail

Need to sign attendance sheet at the start and end of each day

At the end of each training pre and post test will be conducted

Stick to break timings

Your valuable feedback will be taken at the end to enhance training

experience

Certificate will be issued to successful participant

For logistics support contact the coordinator

LTE Network Architecture
Comparison: 2G, 3G and LTE
GSM / GPRS /
Features WCDMA / HSPA LTE
EDGE
Multiple Access FDMA + TDMA CDMA OFDMA

Carrier
200 KHz 5 MHz 1.4 - 20 MHz
Bandwidth

GSM 9.6 Kbps WCDMA 2 Mbps

LTE 100 Mbps
Peak Data Rate GPRS 144 Kbps HSPA 14 Mbps
LTE-A 1Gbps
EDGE 384 Kbps HSPA+ 42 Mbps

Transmission
WCDMA 10 ms
Time Interval EDGE 20ms 1ms
HSPA 2ms
(TTI)
Latency (user
~120 ms ~40 ms ~<20 ms
plane)
Modulation QPSK, 16-QAM, QPSK, 16-QAM,
GMSK, 8-PSK
schemes 64-QAM 64-QAM
Access Network BTS + BSC NodeB + RNC eNodeB
CS MSC, GMSC CS MSC, GMSC PS MME, S-GW,
Core Network
PS SGSN, GGSN PS SGSN, GGSN P-GW
Voice & Video
CS CS PS
Calls
 LTE WCDMA 500 ms NRT, 300 ms RT Interworking
LTE GSM 500 ms NRT, 300 ms RT
Control plane < 100 ms Latencies
User plane (RAN) < 5ms
100 Mbps DL & 50 Mbps UL for 20 MHz Data Rates
Spectral efficiency of 5 bps/Hz DL and
2.5 bps/Hz UL
LTE Requirements
LTE Architecture Philosophy
Single node e-UTRAN

IP Packet based while supporting real

Cloud time conversational traffic

Minimize number of interfaces

Minimizes single points of failure

EPC
Supports end-to-end QOS

Supports QOS differentiation

eUTRAN between control, user and O&M
traffic

Flat architecture

Supports interworking with a

variety of wireless networks
LTE Network

IP
Cloud
Gi
SGi

OF
Gy CS

Gx Gx Gz
PG OC
PC W S
GGS
RF
N
S5
LSM-
C
S11
S6a
HS MM SG BMS
C
Gn S E W

Sm SGImb
M3
S3 SGmb
S1-MME S1-U SON
M2
MBM
SGS S4 MC M1 S
N E GW

LSM-
R
WCDMA LT X2 NMS
E
eNodeB

RRM functions
Radio Bearer Control
Radio Admission Control
Connection Mobility Control
eNodeB
Dynamic resource
allocation UL & DL
Uu
IP header compression and
encryption of user data
Selection of MME at the
X2
time of UE attachment
Measurements for mobility
eNodeB
Scheduling and
transmission of paging and
broadcast
E-
UTRAN
MME
S1-AP signalling
Signaling coordination for SAE Bearer Setup/Release
NAS signaling and security
Authentication, integrity Protection
Inter CN node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks
(S3)
Location registration and Paging for Idle mode UE
Paging, TA list management, Tracking Area Updates
NE selection
PDN GW, Serving GW selection
MME selection for handovers with MME change
SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G access network
Roaming for interworking HSS (S6a interface)
Interworking for Non-3GPP network
HRPD interworking (S101 interface) :
- Signaling for HRPD network and Optimized Handover
Serving Gateway
Interfacing E-UTRAN for bearer
Local Mobility anchor point for inter- eNodeB Handover
Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility (terminating S4 and
relaying the traffic between 2G/3G system and PDN GW) Packet
routing & forwarding
Paging to ECM-Idle mode UE for incoming call
Accounting for inter-operator changing
UL/DL transport level packet marking e.g. setting the DiffServ
Code Point, based on the QCI of the associated EPS bearer
Lawful Interception
PDN Gateway
Interfacing external PDN
Mobility anchor point between Non-3GPP and 3GPP
Packet routing & forwarding
UE IP address allocation
Per-user based packet filtering (i.e. deep packet inspection)
Packet screening (firewall functionality)
PCEF (Policy and Charging Enforcement Function) function
UL/DL bearer binding and UL bearer binding verification
Service level charging, gate control, rate enforcement
PCRF interworking and Policy / Charging control
DL rate enforcement based on APN-AMBR, MBR
UL/DL transport level packet marking e.g. setting the DiffServ Code
Point, based on the QCI of the associated EPS bearer
Accounting for inter-operator charging
HSS & PCRF
HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
User id, numbering, addressing information storage
User security information generation
mutual authentication and encryption for between UE and network
User location information storage
User profile information storage

PCRF (Policy and charging rule function)

Sending QoS and charging rule to P-GW(PCEF) for SDF (Service
Data Flow) and IP-CAN Session
P-GW (PCEF) performed QoS and Charging functions according to PCC
rule
eMBMS Elements
MCE (MBMS Coordination Entity)
The MBMS Coordination Entity (MCE) is a logical node that is
responsible for allocating time and frequency resources. The
MCE acts as an MBMS scheduler which allocates radio
resources, performs session admission control and manages
MBMS services.

MBMS GW
The MBMS GW is a logical entity whose main function is to
deliver MBMS packets to each eNodeB transmitting the service.
It uses IP multicast to deliver the downlink packets.

Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC)

The BM-SC is responsible for authentication, content
authorization, billing and configuration of the data flow through
the core network. It acts as a proxy content server.
Samsung Smart Scheduler
Uses general purpose
hardware platform IBM Blade
Center HT Chassis and HS23
Blade server
LSM

Implemented in software by
General Purpose Processor
SC (GPP)
1
Minimizes inter-cell
X2 interference
SC
1 Improves cell-edge throughput

Centralized management for

multiple eNBs

E-
UTRAN
10 blades per server support
total 2880 cells
Interfaces
X2 Interface
Between eNodeB.
It supports the exchange of signaling info between eNBs most commonly
for Handover
Also supports forwarding of user PDUs

S1-MME Interface
S1-MME for exchange of signaling messages between the eNB and the MME

S1-U Interface
S1-U for the transport of user datagram's between the eNB and the Serving
Gateway (S-GW)
Supports Inter eNodeB path switching during handover

S3 Interface
Interface between SGSN and MME
Enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access
Manages Network mobility in idle and/or active
Interfaces
S4 Interface
Interface between SGSN and Serving SAE Gateway
It provides control and mobility support between GPRS Core & 3GPP
Anchor function of Serving GW
Alternate plane tunnel in case of no Direct Tunnel

S5 Interface
Interface between S-GW and P-GW
User plane tunneling and tunnel management
It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility or connections to a
non-collocated PDN GW

S6a Interface
Interface between HSS and MME
Enables transfer of subscription and authentication data
Interface
S8 Interface
Interface between Serving GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN.
Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving GW in
the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN

S10 Interface
Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information
transfer

S11 Interface
Reference point between MME and Serving GW

Gx Interface
It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging
Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW

SGi Interface
It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet data
network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra
operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point
corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.
LTE Protocol Stack User Plane
Interface between UE
and eNB
User Plane - consists of PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY layers,
responsible for transmitting user data (e.g. IP packets) received
from the higher layer. All protocols in the user plane are
terminated in the eNB.

LTE-Uu S1-U S5/S8

Applicati
on
IP IP
Rela Rela
PDCP y y GTP-U
PDCP GTP- GTP- GTP-
RLC U U U UDP-IP
RLC UDP- UDP- UDP-
MAC IP L2
IP IP
L1 L2 L2 L2 L2 L1
L1 L1 L1 L1
UE eNB S-GW
LTE Protocol Stack Control Plane
Control Plane - consists of NAS, RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and
PHY layers. Located above the wireless protocol, the NAS layer
is responsible for UE authentication between the UE and MME,
security control, and paging/mobility management of UEs in
LTE idle mode, all protocols except the NAS signal are
terminated in the eNB.
LTE- S1-
Uu MME
NAS NAS
Rela
RRC y S1 - AP
RRC S1 -
PDCP AP SCTP

RLC PDCP SCTP IP

RLC IP
MAC L2
MAC L2
L1 L1
L1 L1

UE
Protocol Stack
Interface between eNB and EPC : A physical connection between the
eNB and EPC is established through the FE and GE, and the interface
standards should satisfy the interface between the LTE S1-U and S1-
MME. The user plane uses the GTP-User (GTP-U) above the IP, and the
control plane uses the SCTP above the IP.

User
Plane
User
Plane
S1- S1-
PDUs PDUs AP AP

GTP- GTP-
U U
UDP UDP SCTP SCTP

IP IP IP IP

MAC MAC MAC MAC

PHY PHY PHY PHY

eNB S-GW eNB MME
S1-U S1-MME
 Interface between eNodeB
Interface between
eNodeB
physical connection between the eNBs is established through the FE and GE, an
he interface standards should satisfy the LTE X2 interface. The user plane protoco
acks between the eNBs are shown below

User User X2- X2-

Plane Plane
PDU PDU AP AP

GTP- GTP-
U U
UDP UDP SCTP SCTP

IP IP IP IP

L2 L2 L2 L2

L1 L1 L1 L1
eNB eNB eNB eNB
X2-U X2-C
Interface between eNB and LSM
A physical connection between the eNB and LSM is established
through the FE and GE, and the interface standards should
satisfy the FTP/SNMP interface. The interface protocol stacks
between the eNB and LSM are shown below

FTP SNMP FTP SNMP

TCP UDP TCP UDP

IP IP

L2 L2

L! L1

eNB FTP/SNMP LSM

Transport Network Hierarchy
Transport Network Hierarchy Hardware Functions
Below is the table for Backhaul / MPLS Network Routers /
Switches
Node Function Hardware
Platform
Cell Site Switch / Router (CSS) ASR 901 (Cisco)
Aggregation 1 Node (AG1) ASR 903 (Cisco)
Aggregation 2 Node (AG2) ASR 9010 (Cisco)
Aggregation 3 Node (AG3) ASR 9922 (Cisco)
VPN & Internet Route ASR 10006
Aggregation Router / Mobile Transport Gateway / ASR 9010
Service Aggregation Router (SAR)
EPC / IMS Aggregation Switch Nexus 7010
NMS / EMS Cisco Prime NGN
Integrated Service Gateway(ISG) ASR 1000
DDI Cisco Network
Registrar (CNR)
R4G Network Deployment Quantification
Mumbai Delhi
IPSM / IMS NW MNP MNP NW IMS IPSM /

Zones
SMSC Apps
NP GWIVR GW GW NP
IVR GW Apps SMSC
Self Content
OCS OSS Content Mgmt
( 2) Care Mgmt
eSMLC /
OCS
eSMLC /
LIM - BE GMLC OCS GMLC

West (Mumbai) South (Chennai)

North (Delhi) East (Kolkata)
DNS/EN DNS/EN DNS/EN DNS/EN
HSS UM HSS UM HSS UM HSS UM

DRA MGCF DRA MGCF DRA MGCF DRA MGCF

Regions PCR IMS PCR IMS PCR IMS PCR IMS
(4) F Core F Core F Core F Core
Ld Ld Ld Ld
NPDB NPDB NPDB NPDB
Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.
AAA TAS/OT AAA TAS/OT AAA TAS/OT AAA TAS/OT
/ PS M / PS M / PS M / PS M

LSM eMBMS NIMS

EPC R/C GW
SAE
( 18) MME BMSC MCE L4/L7 DPI
GW NIMS
LIM
L2 SW IBR SBC MRF WAG
FE

Circles MG RAN eNode

( 22) W Scheduler B

Legend EPC++ Supporti OSS/BSS

EPC IMS Wi-Fi RAN
ng

Zonal & Regional Level Nodes will work in Active- Active (Load sharing) mode
Summary
LTE architecture is completely packet-based

Single node RAN

Flat architecture EPC

eNodeB performs all the RRM functions

MME performs all control plane core functions

S-GW is the local mobility anchor. Facilitates inter-3GPP

handovers

P-GW assigns IP address and applies policy and QoS

Quiz

Radio resources are allocated by

eNodeB
S-GW

_____ establishes a connection between the UE and EPC

S-GW
P-GW
MME

During handover DL data is buffered at

S-GW
MME
P-GW
LTE Air Interface Basics
Techniques for High Data Rates
Adaptive
Modulation &
Forward & Link Coding
backward error Adaptatio Power Control
detection n Adaptive Source
Fast, access-
Coding
network based

Channel-
High dependen
Hybrid
Data t
ARQ
Rates Schedulin
g

Based on Channel
Quality indicator
Multiple (CQI)
Small 1ms TTI
MIMO Antennas
Diversity
Beam-forming
MIMO

single user
Spatial data streams to
Multiplexin Multiple, parallel
g

UE eNodeB
1
Spatial Multiplexing

Transmit single user

Diversity same stream to
Multiple copies of
UE2
eNodeB

Transmit Diversity
LTE Key Parameters
Frequency
UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands
Range
Channel
1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz
Bandwidth,
1Resource
Block (RB) =
6 RBs 15RBs 25RBs 50RBs 75RBs 100RBs
180KHz

Modulation Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

scheme Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (optional for handset)

Downlink: OFDMA
Multiple Access
Uplink: SC-FDMA

Transmit diversity, Cyclic delay diversity (Max. 4 antenna at Base

MIMO station & handset)
Spatial multiplexing, Multiuser MIMO

Downlink: 150Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz)

Peak Data rate 300Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz)
Uplink: 75Mbps (20MHz)
Cyclic Prefix
Cyclic Prefix (CP) is transmitted in the guard time interval

OFDMA symbol duration including CP is approximate 71.4 s.

Long duration when compared with 3.69s for GSM and 0.26s for WCDMA
Symbol length without CP: 66.67s (1/15kHz)

2
1
3
Time Domain 4
TSY Tg
1 MBOL

time
2
time
3

time
4

time
Cyclic Prefix Details
Copies the last part of a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time and
attach it in front of the symbol

CP Types
Normal CP: for small cells or with short multipath delay spread
Extended CP: designed for use with large cells or those with long delay
profiles

Total symbol time Note: CP represents an

Guard Time T(g) T(s) overhead resulting in symbol
rate reduction.

Last part of the

t symbol is used as
CP Useful symbol
T(g time T(b)
Cyclic Prefix (CP)
)

CP ratio = T(g)/T(b)
OFDMA
Flexible resource allocation
Robustness against multipath
Total Bandwidth

The peak
(centre
frequency) of
one subcarrier

intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
15 kHz in LTE: fixed
OFDM Transmission Basics
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers

The throughput is the sum of the data rates of subcarriers

Power
Bandwidth
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 01

10

11
S/P
01

OFDMA
Symbol

Serial to Frequency
Parallel
LTE Time-Frequency Grid
Sub-carrier
12

Fast time-domain
scheduling
Frequen

Radio resources on a
time-frequency grid
cy

Sub-
carrier 1
Symbol 0 Symbol 6
Resource Block 180 KHz x 0.5
ms
Each RB = 12 x 7 = 84 REs
Time
FFT in OFDM
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
(IFFT) allows to move between time and frequency domain
representation

OFDM signals are generated using the IFFT

Fourier
Transfor
m

Inverse
Fourier
Transfor
m
OFDMA Operation
Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of
subcarriers to individual users as shown below

User 1

User 2 Transmitted Sub-

Carriers
User 3

Total Channel
Modulati Bandwidth Modulati
on on
mapping S/ IFF CP P/ mapping
CP Remo FFT S
e.g. P T ve
e.g.
QPSK QPSK
symbols symbols

Transmitter Receiver
OFDMA PAPR Ratio
The transmitted power is the
sum of the powers of all the
subcarriers.

The higher the peaks, the

greater the range of power
levels.

Not best suited for use with

mobile (battery-powered)
devices
Comparison SC-FDMA v/s OFDMA
OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers

SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers

Can reduce the PAPR between 69dB compared to OFDMA

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
01 01 10 11 01
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
10

11 FF
S/P T
01

OFDMA SC-
Symbol FDMA
Symbol

OFDMA SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA & OFDMA Time-Frequency View
LTE FDD and TDD Modes

Bandwidth t
t Bandwidth Bandwidth
up to 20MHz up to 20MHz up to 20MHz

Uplink
Uplink Downlink

Guard Period
Downlink

f
f
Duplex Frequency
Summary
OFDMA allows flexible resource allocation

OFDMA maps one modulation symbol on a subcarrier and

transmits multiple subcarriers in parallel

A Cyclic Prefix is added to an OFDMA symbol for protection

against ISI

OFDMA is implemented using FFT

Due to high PAPR issues, LTE uplink uses SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA transmits in series, mapping each modulation symbol

on all the allocated subcarriers
Quiz

Give two advantages of OFDMA

Flexible bandwidth allocation

Robustness against multipath

SC-FDMA sends ____ modulation (e.g. QPSK) symbol(s) on ____

subcarrier(s)
1, N
N, N
1/N, N

FFT is a must in implementing OFDMA

True
False
LTE UE Categories &
Functionalities
 Maintain and update identities Identity Management
provided by the eNodeB & EPC
Setup, maintenance and teardown of Session Management
IP sessions
Update tracking area, handover
measurements, handovers to other Mobility Management
technologies
Encoding & decoding, modulation & processing
demodulation OFDM, appropriate Physical layer
MIMO, etc.
Basic Functions of an LTE UE
UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz

2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1

UE Category Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

Peak Data rate DL 10 50 100 150 300
(Mbps)
Peak Data rate UL 5 25 50 50 75
(Mbps)
Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4

QoS
LTE Bearers
EPS Bearer
Logical pipe between UE
and P-GW
Associated with a set of
QoS parameters

PDN Connection
IP / PDN Connection IP session between UE
and the PDN
PDN
EPS bearers in a PDN
EPS connection have the
Bearer
UE same IP

EP
C
 Additional EPS
bearer that may
bearer C
be activated based ed EP
on demand Dedicat
Can be GBR or
non-GBR Bearer
UE
Dedicated
Default Bearer
Established along
with a new PDN
connection and
active for the bearer
lifetime of the PDN Default
connection
Always a non-GBR
bearer
Types of EPS Bearers
Service Data Flow (SDF)
A set of IP flows
corresponding to a
service

Identified using packet IP

SDF1 IP Flow 1 headers
Filtering
Filtering

IP Flow 2
PDN
IP Flow 3
An SDF corresponds to a
SDF2 QoS / policy treatment by
the policy function

An EPS Bearer can carry

EP
C only one SDF Aggregate
 Limits to per-UE AMBR UE Level
Enforced by eNodeB
Default (Non-GBR) and Dedicated Bearer Level
(GBR or Non-GBR) bearers defined
Policy binds Dedicated Bearer to a QCI
Access Point Name (APN) based QoS
Session Level
Limit AMBR of all non-GBR bearers per
APN
Service Data Flows (SDFs) defined Service Level
QoS and policy applied based on the
SDF
QoS Levels
Quality Class Indicator (QCI) Table
Q Resource Priori PEL
PDB Example Services
CI Type ty R
100
1 2 10-2 Conversational Voice
ms
150 Conversational Video (Live
2 4 10-3
ms Streaming)
GBR 50m
3 3 10-3 Real Time Gaming
s
300 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered
4 5 10-6
ms Streaming)
100
5 1 10-6 IMS Signalling
ms
Video (Buffered Streaming), TCP-
300 based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
6 6 10-6
ms p2p file sharing, progressive video,
etc.)
Non-GBR
100 Voice, Video (Live Streaming),
7 7 10-3
ms Interactive Gaming
8 8 Video (Buffered Streaming), TCP-
300 based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
10-6
9 9 ms p2p file sharing, progressive video,
etc.)
Example of LTE QoS Differentiation

UE eNodeB
QCI & ARP
per bearer

UE- Default Bearer (non-GBR)

APN APN-
AMBR
Applicatio AMBR
(UL /
AMBR
ns (UL) (UL / DL)
DL) Dedicated Bearer (non-
GBR)
GBR GBR
MBR MBR MBR
(UL) (UL)
(UL / Dedicated Bearer (GBR)
(DL)
(UL /
DL) (DL) DL)
Summary
LTE QoS operates at service, session and bearer levels as well
as on a per UE basis

A Service Data Flow is defined to determine the policy & QoS

treatment to be applied to a service

A Quality Class Indicator is used to define different QoS types

and priorities

A UE has Default and Dedicated bearers logical connections

to the EPC

QoS uses notions of GBR and AMBR to differentiate between

services
Self-Organizing Networks
 Too fast and / or too complex to be
done manually Processes
Near real-time and accurate actions Automate Difficult
Improves performance and operations
e.g. Self-Optimization
Reduce manual intervention
Reduce scope for error
Processes

Automate Routine
Reduce operational expenses
e.g. Self-Configuration
Motivations for SON
Samsung eNodeB Self-Establishment
2) Acquire
configuration from
LSM

DHC
LSM
1) Acquire eNB & P
LSM IP from DHCP
server

Backhaul MME
Network
eNodeB

3) Configure VLANs
for a) S1-C b)S1-U SAE
& X2 GW

eNodeB
Samsung eNodeB Self-Establishment
(Continued)

DHC
LSM
P

4) Establish S1-
MME

Backhaul MME
Network
eNodeB

6) Establish X2 SAE
GW

eNodeB
Physical Cell ID (PCI) Optimization
PCIs of different cells near
each other should be
different
Initial PCI Allocation
EMS PCI Reconfiguration eNB obtains initial PCI
allocation from EMS

eNodeB collects PCIs of 2-

tier neighbors

PCI Conflict Detection eNB reports conflicts to

Collect PCIs used by inner EMS
eNodeB
2-tier neighbor
Samsung Automatic Neighbor Relations
(ANR)

Initial Auto- Based on NRT obtained from LSM

configuration

Network Based
NR Self Optimization UE Based

NR Management Removal of neighbors

(Handover statistics Ranking neighbor relations
based)
Approaches to Voice in LTE
Circuit-
Switched
Fallback VoLTE
(CSFB)
Offload voice to Voice carried in
2G / 3G networks LTE as VOIP

Quick, temporary Long-term solution

solution for voice

IP Multimedia
Only CS voice
Subsystem (IMS)
used
is used
LTE Channels & Frame Structures
Types of Channels

RLC
What?
Logical L2
Channel
s
MAC

How?
Transpor
t
Channel L1
s Physical
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) BPSK, QPSK
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM
UL
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) QPSK DL
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
QPSK
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) QPSK
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) BPSK
Reference Signal (RS), Synchronization Signal
3GPP LTE Physical Channels
Channel Mapping - Downlink

Common
Control Info
System Info. Paging at no RRC Dedicated Dedicated
Connection Control Traffic

BCCH MTCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH

Logical Channels

BC MC PC DL- Transport Channels

H H H SCH

DCI

PBC
PBC PMC
PMC PDSC PDCC Physical Channels
HH HH H H
Channel Mapping - Uplink

CCCH DCCH DTCH Logical Channels

ULSC RAC Transport Channels

H H

UCI

PUCC PUSC PRAC

Physical Channels
H H H
LTE Frame Details
Frame (10ms)
10 Sub-frames (1ms) per frame
2 slots (0.5ms) per sub-frame
7 OFDM symbols per slot

Frame
(10msec)
0.5 msec 0.5 msec

.. ..

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame 0 Sub frame 9

. .

OFDM SYMBOL 0 OFDM SYMBOL 13

Single Sub Frame (1 ms)
CP0=5.2uSec - CP1 TO CP13 =4.7uSec
PSS and SSS
NID CELL= 3* NID (1) + NID (2)
NID(1) = 0,1, ..,167
NID (2) = 0,1,2
Used for scrambling the information from the cell

Physical layer cell identity

Physical layer identity
group Synchronization
0 1 2 Signal(PSS & SSS)
One of 168
One of three possibilities
possibilities

PSS SSS
Symbol 0 Symbol 5 Symbol 6
. . SSS PSS

1st slot (0.5 ms)

PSS - TD LTE
PSS is in Symbol # 2 of Sub-frames 1 and 6

Frame duration =10msec

0.5 msec 0.5 msec

...

Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 12 Slot 13 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame Sub frame Sub frame
1 6 9
0 1 2 PSS 6 7 8 9 10 13

. . . .

Single Sub Frame ( Duration=1 msec )

SSS TD LTE
SSS is in Symbol # 13 of Sub-frames 0 and 5

Frame duration =10msec

0.5 msec 0.5 msec

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 10 Slot 11 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame Sub frame Sub frame
0 5 9
0 1 2 6 7 8 9 10 13 SSS

. ... . .

Single Sub Frame ( Duration=1 msec )

System Acquisition

Get
Synchronized
UE Power Up
in both Time
and Frequency

Identified PSS & SSS,

System Determined Physical Cell ID
Information
Obtained
through At this stage
MIB Identify PBCH UE knows :
(4 OFDM symbol x 6 RBS) Channel
Bandwidth,
SFN , Physical
cell ID
No of Antennas
System Acquisition (Continued)

PBCH
Presence
PCFICH of CFI field
(Physical Control Frame Indicator
Channel)
Identify the OFDMA Symbols used for
PDCCH
Contains
PDCCH
DCI field
(Physical Downlink Control Channel)

Identify the PDSCH Resources Allocation

for SIBs

PDSCH
(Physical Downlink Shared Channel)

Identify the Location of SIBs

System Information

Block Information
MIB Physical Layer Info
PLMN ID, Tracking Area ID, Access restrictions, SIB scheduling
SIB 1
info
Common and shared channel info: SRS, PUSCH, PUCCH, Paging
SIB 2
& RACH configuration, UL frequency information
SIB 3 Intra-frequency cell reselection parameters and information
SIB 4 Information on Intra-frequency neighbors
SIB 5 Information on Inter-frequency neighbors
SIB 6 Information for reselection on UTRAN (UMTS) cells
SIB 7 Information for reselection on GERAN (GSM) cells
SIB 8 Information for reselection on CDMA 2000 system
SIB 9 Home eNB information for future femtocells
SIB 10 Primary Earthquake and Tsunami Warning (ETWS) information
Secondary Earthquake and Tsunami Warning (ETWS)
SIB 11
information
Summary View of Channel Functions
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
PBCH Function
Carries the primary Broadcast Transport Channel

Carries the Master Information Block (MIB)

Transmitted in
Time: subframe 0 in every frame

4 OFDM symbols in the second slot of corresponding

subframe

Frequency: middle 1.08 MHz (6 RBs)

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
(PCFICH)
Carries the Control Format Indicator
(CFI)

Transmitted in:
Time: 1st OFDM symbol of all subframes

Frequency: spanning the entire system

band
4 REGs -> 16 REs
Mapping depends on Cell ID
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Used for
DL/UL resource assignments
Paging indicators

CCEs are the building blocks for

transmitting PDCCH
1 CCE = 9 REGs (36 REs) = 72 bits
The control region consists of a set of
CCEs, numbered from 0 to N_CCE for
each subframe

PDCCH is an aggregation of
contiguous CCEs (1,2,4,8)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Transmits DL packet data
One Transport Block transmission per
UEs code word per subframe
7 PDSCH Tx modes

Mapping to Resource Blocks (RBs)

Mapping for a particular transmit
antenna port shall be in increasing
order of:
First the frequency index
Then the time index, starting with the
first slot in a subframe
Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
Used for ACK/NAK of UL-SCH
transmissions

Time
Normal duration: 1stOFDM symbol
Extended duration: Over 2 or 3 OFDM
symbols

Frequency
Spanning all system bandwidth
Mapping depending on Cell ID
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
PRACH
The preamble format determines the
length of the Cyclic Prefix and Sequence.

4 preamble formats (for different cell sizes)

64 PRACH configurations

6-110 RBs
Each configuration defines slot positions
within a frame.

PRACH

6RBs
CP Sequence

Tcp Tseq FDD Specific RACH

format
TDD Frame Structure
LTE Frame Structure Type 1: Applicable to FDD

LTE Frame Structure Type 2: Applicable to TDD

Every subframe will have two slots of 0.5ms as in FDD Frame

TDD Frame 10ms , 10 subframes

0 1 2 1ms each
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Special Subframes
1&6

0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9

DwPTS UpPTS DwPTS UpPTS

Gp Gp
TDD Special Subframes
LTE TDD- Special Subframe

DwPTS: used for downlink data transmission. (varied from three up

to twelve OFDM symbols)

UpPTS: used for uplink data transmission(varied from one to two

OFDM symbols)

GP: guard period for the downlink-to-uplink

Guard period must cover the maximum roundtrip propagation delay
within the cell selected by taking eNB-to-eNB interference into account

The time duration of DwPTS , UpPTS & Gp may also vary as per
configuration.
TDD Configuration Types
LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration (Time Format-No. of
OFDM Symbols)

Details about the time of the DwPTS , UpPTS & Gp with variable
formats Normal CP Extended CP
Format
DwPTS Gp UpPTS DwPTS Gp UpPTS
0 3 10 3 8
1
1 9 4 8 3
2 10 3 1 9 2

3 11 2 10 1
4 12 1 3 7
2
5 3 9 8 2

6 9 3 9 1
2
7 10 2 - - -
8 11 1 - - -
Physical Layers & Channels Structures
LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration (UL & DL capacity)

Asymmetric UL/DL Capacity Allocation

Single sub-frame for UL and 8times sub-frame for DL per 10ms frame

UE is informed about UL/DL configuration via SIB-1, which is broadcast

via Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Subframe Number
UL/DL Downlink-To-Uplink
Configuratio Switch-Point
n Periodicity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
Downlink frame Structure
f

CH BW
(3~20MHz)

DC
6RB
(BW 1.4M)

1RB
(180KHz)

1slot (0.5ms)
1sub frame (1ms) 1 Radio frame (10ms) t
Uplink frame Structure
f

System BW

1RB (180KHz)

1slot (0.5ms) t
1sub frame (1ms) 1 Radio frame (10ms)

PUCCH PRACH
What is RSRP continued

RSRP is a measure of cell downlink coverage

When triggered, the UE sends RRC measurement reports including RSRP,
which is defined from140 to 44 dBm with 1 dB resolution.
UEs use RSRP to choose the best cell for access or handover.
RSRP correlates with user plane QoS. Outdoor expectations:
RSRP > 75 dBm gives excellent QoS.
RSRP between 75 and 95 dBm gives a slight degradation of the QoS.
Throughput declines by 3050% between -75 and 95 dBm.
RSRP < 95 dBm gives unacceptable QoS. Throughput reaches zero at
approximately 108 to 100 dBm. Call drops will occur.
In-House cells often give usable QoS with RSRP down to 115dBm, due
to lower in-house interference levels

RSRP (dBm)= RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)

What is RSRQ continued
Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) identifies the quality of the Reference Signal.
Definition: RSRQ = N RSRP / RSSI
Where N is the number of Resource Blocks (RBs) of the LTE carrier RSSI measurement
bandwidth.
Since RSRQ exists in only one or a few resource blocks, and RSSI is measured over the
whole width of the LTE signal, RSRQ must be scaled up for a fair apples-to-apples
comparison with RSSI.
The reporting range of RSRQ is defined
Uses: Mainly to rank different LTE cells for handoverfrom
and 19.5 to 3 dB decisions
cell reselection with 0.5 dB resolution
Comparing measured values of RSRQ and
RSRP at one location will show whether
coverage or interference problems are
present.
If RSRP remains stable or gets better, but
RSRQ is declining, this indicates rising
interference.
If both RSRP and RSRQ decline, coverage
is weak.
This kind of logic helps in finding the root
cause of drops due to radio problems.
Three quality ranges can be defined for
RSRQ:
RSRQ values above 9 dB give the best
subscriber experience.
RSRQ of 9 to 12 dB degrades QoS, but
with fair results.
RSRQ values of 13 dB and lower give
reduced throughput and a risk of call drops.
Summary
LTE uses single node RAN and logically single node EPC

OFDMA is used on the Downlink and SC-FDMA on the Uplink

Physical layer processing includes CRC, scrambling, rate

matching, modulation and OFDMA

LTE UE reads synchronization, broadcast and system

information

TD-LTE supports different configurations for flexible DL:UL

allocation

LTE uses X2 based handovers reducing latency and core

signaling load

MIMO can vary data transmission, number of antennas or

number of users
Summary (Continued.)
PSS and SSS help the UE synchronize and obtain cell ID

PBCH carries the MIB which informs the UE about system

bandwidth

PCFICH gives the control channel configuration

SIBs 1 and 2 carry important own cell information. SIB 3

onwards carry other cell information

PUCCH carries uplink signaling when there is no grant available

for PUSCH

TD-LTE supports different configurations for flexible DL:UL

allocation

Demodulation and Sounding Reference Signals are transmitted

on the uplink
Quiz
Quiz Continued.
Thank You