CO N S T R U C T I O N M E T H O D S

AND OP E R AT I O N S
BY GROUP 5
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTIONIS THEPROCESSOF CONSTRUCTING ABUILDINGORINFRASTRUCTURE.
CONSTRUCTION DIFFERS FROMMANUFACTURING IN THAT MANUFACTURING TYPICALLY
INVOLVES MASS PRODUCTION OF SIMILAR ITEMS WITHOUT A DESIGNATED PURCHASER,
WHILE CONSTRUCTION TYPICALLY TAKES PLACE ON LOCATION FOR A KNOWN CLIENT.
CONSTRUCTION AS ANINDUSTRYCOMPRISES SIX TO NINE PERCENT OF THE
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTOFDEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
 LARGE-SCALE CONSTRUCTION REQUIRESCOLLABORATIONACROSS MULTIPLE
DISCIPLINES. ANARCHITECTNORMALLY MANAGES THE JOB, AND A
CONSTRUCTION MANAGER,DESIGN ENGINEER,CONSTRUCTION ENGINEEROR
PROJECT MANAGERSUPERVISES IT. FOR THE SUCCESSFULEXECUTIONOF APROJECT,
EFFECTIVEPLANNINGIS ESSENTIAL. THOSE INVOLVED WITH THE DESIGN AND
EXECUTION OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE IN QUESTION MUST CONSIDER ZONING
REQUIREMENTS, THEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTOF THE JOB, THE SUCCESSFUL
SCHEDULING,BUDGETING,CONSTRUCTION-SITE SAFETY, AVAILABILITY AND
TRANSPORTATION OFBUILDING MATERIALS,LOGISTICS, INCONVENIENCE TO THE
PUBLICCAUSED BYCONSTRUCTION DELAYSANDBIDDING, ETC. THE LARGEST
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ARE REFERRED TO ASMEGAPROJECTS.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
1. SURVEYING
2. CLEARING
3. FRAMING
4. SIGNAGES
5. MOBILIZATION
6. LAYOUT
7. EXCAVATION
8. FOOTING
9. COLUMNS
10.BEAMS
11. SLABS
12. WALL
13. ELECTRICAL/ MECHANICAL
14. PLUMBING
15.FINISHING/PARTISIONS
16.TAPPING OFF/ROOF DECK
17. PAINTING
18.POWER SUPPLY
19.TESTING
20.DEMOBILIZATION
21. HANDOVER
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
2.INFRASTRUCTURE
3.INDUSTRIAL
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS USUALLY FURTHER DIVIDED INTO RESIDENTIAL AND NON-
RESIDENTIAL (COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL). BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS THE
PROCESS OF ADDING STRUCTURE TOREAL PROPERTYOR CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS.
THE MAJORITY OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION JOBS ARE SMALL RENOVATIONS, SUCH AS
ADDITION OF A ROOM, OR RENOVATION OF A BATHROOM. OFTEN, THE OWNER OF THE
PROPERTY ACTS AS LABORER, PAYMASTER, AND DESIGN TEAM FOR THE ENTIREPROJECT.
ALTHOUGH BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS TYPICALLY INCLUDE VARIOUS COMMON
ELEMENTS, SUCH AS DESIGN, FINANCIAL, ESTIMATING AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS,
MANY PROJECTS OF VARYING SIZES REACH UNDESIRABLE END RESULTS, SUCH AS
STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE, COST OVERRUNS, AND/OR LITIGATION.
COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL
 INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE IS OFTEN CALLED HEAVY/HIGHWAY, HEAVY CIVIL

OR HEAVY ENGINEERING. IT INCLUDES LARGE PUBLIC WORKS,
DAMS, BRIDGES, HIGHWAYS, WATER/WASTEWATER AND UTILITY
DISTRIBUTION.
INFRASTRUCTURE/HEAVY CIVIL
 INDUSTRIAL

INDUSTRIAL INCLUDES REFINERIES, PROCESS CHEMICAL, POWER

GENERATION, MILLS AND MANUFACTURING PLANTS. THERE ARE
OTHER WAYS TO BREAK THE INDUSTRY INTO SECTORS OR
MARKETS.
INDUSTRIAL
 U CT IO N P R OC E S SE S
CONSTR
DESIGN TEAM
IN THE MODERN INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD, CONSTRUCTION USUALLY INVOLVES THE TRANSLATION OF
DESIGNS INTO REALITY. A FORMAL DESIGN TEAM MAY BE ASSEMBLED TO PLAN THE PHYSICAL
PROCEEDINGS, AND TO INTEGRATE THOSE PROCEEDINGS WITH THE OTHER PARTS. THE DESIGN USUALLY
CONSISTS OFDRAWINGSANDSPECIFICATIONS, USUALLY PREPARED BY A DESIGN TEAM INCLUDING
ARCHITECT,CIVIL ENGINEERS,MECHANICAL ENGINEERS,ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS,STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
,FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERS, PLANNINGCONSULTANTS, ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANTS, AND
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS. THE DESIGN TEAM IS MOST COMMONLY EMPLOYED BY (I.E. IN CONTRACT
WITH) THE PROPERTY OWNER. UNDER THIS SYSTEM, ONCE THE DESIGN IS COMPLETED BY THE DESIGN
TEAM, A NUMBER OF CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES OR CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT COMPANIES MAY
THEN BE ASKED TO MAKE A BID FOR THE WORK, EITHER BASED DIRECTLY ON THE DESIGN, OR ON THE BASIS
OF DRAWINGS AND ABILL OF QUANTITIESPROVIDED BY AQUANTITY SURVEYOR.
 FINANCIAL ADVISORS
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS CAN SUFFER FROM PREVENTABLE FINANCIAL PROBLEMS.UNDERBIDSHAPPEN
WHEN BUILDERS ASK FOR TOO LITTLE MONEY TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT.CASH FLOWPROBLEMS EXIST
WHEN THE PRESENT AMOUNT OF FUNDING CANNOT COVER THE CURRENT COSTS FOR LABOUR AND
MATERIALS, AND BECAUSE THEY ARE A MATTER OF HAVING SUFFICIENT FUNDS AT A SPECIFIC TIME, CAN
ARISE EVEN WHEN THE OVERALL TOTAL IS ENOUGH.FRAUDIS A PROBLEM IN MANY FIELDS, BUT IS
NOTORIOUSLY PREVALENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION FIELD. FINANCIAL PLANNING FOR THE PROJECT IS
INTENDED TO ENSURE THAT A SOLID PLAN WITH ADEQUATE SAFEGUARDS AND CONTINGENCY PLANS ARE IN
PLACE BEFORE THE PROJECT IS STARTED AND IS REQUIRED TO ENSURE THAT THE PLAN IS PROPERLY
EXECUTED OVER THE LIFE OF THE PROJECT.MORTGAGE BANKERS,ACCOUNTANTS, ANDCOST ENGINEERSARE
LIKELY PARTICIPANTS IN CREATING AN OVERALL PLAN FOR THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.
 LEGAL ASPECTS
A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MUST FIT INTO THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING THE PROPERTY. THESE
INCLUDE GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS ON THE USE OF PROPERTY, AND OBLIGATIONS THAT ARE CREATED
IN THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION.THE PROJECT MUST ADHERE TOZONINGANDBUILDING CODE
REQUIREMENTS. CONSTRUCTING A PROJECT THAT FAILS TO ADHERE TO CODES DOES NOT BENEFIT THE
OWNER. SOME LEGAL REQUIREMENTS COME FROMMALUM IN SECONSIDERATIONS, OR THE DESIRE TO
PREVENT THINGS THAT ARE INDISPUTABLY BAD BRIDGE COLLAPSES OR EXPLOSIONS. OTHER LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS COME FROMMALUM PROHIBITUM CONSIDERATIONS, OR THINGS THAT ARE A MATTER OF
CUSTOM OR EXPECTATION, SUCH AS ISOLATING BUSINESSES TO A BUSINESS DISTRICT AND RESIDENCES
TO A RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT.
INTERACTION OF EXPERTISE
DESIGN, FINANCE, AND LEGAL ASPECTS OVERLAP AND INTERRELATE. THE DESIGN MUST BE
NOT ONLY STRUCTURALLY SOUND AND APPROPRIATE FOR THE USE AND LOCATION, BUT
MUST ALSO BE FINANCIALLY POSSIBLE TO BUILD, AND LEGAL TO USE. THE FINANCIAL
STRUCTURE MUST ACCOMMODATE THE NEED FOR BUILDING THE DESIGN PROVIDED, AND
MUST PAY AMOUNTS THAT ARE LEGALLY OWED. THE LEGAL STRUCTURE MUST INTEGRATE
THE DESIGN INTO THE SURROUNDING LEGAL FRAMEWORK, AND ENFORCE THE FINANCIAL
CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS.
PROCUREMENT
PROCUREMENT DESCRIBES THE MERGING OF ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY THE CLIENT TO OBTAIN
A BUILDING. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION PROCUREMENT;
HOWEVER THE THREE MOST COMMON TYPES OF PROCUREMENT ARE TRADITIONAL (DESIGN-BID-
BUILD), DESIGN-BUILD AND MANAGEMENT CONTRACTING. THERE IS ALSO A GROWING NUMBER
OF NEW FORMS OF PROCUREMENT THAT INVOLVE RELATIONSHIP CONTRACTING WHERE THE
EMPHASIS IS ON A CO-OPERATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPAL AND CONTRACTOR
AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS WITHIN A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. NEW FORMS INCLUDE
PARTNERING SUCH AS PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERING (PPPS) AKAPRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVES
(PFIS) AND ALLIANCES SUCH AS "PURE" OR "PROJECT" ALLIANCES AND "IMPURE" OR
"STRATEGIC" ALLIANCES.
CON ST R U C TI ON P HA SE S
CONSTRUCTION PHASES
VISION/FANTASY/IDEA - A CONCEPT NEVER INTENDED TO BE BUILT, MAY BE AN AESTHETIC OR STRUCTURAL
DESIGN EXERCISE

PROPOSED - A BUILDING CONCEPT THAT IS UNDER REVIEW BY THE BUILDING OWNER AND BY GOVERNMENT
APPROVED - A BUILDING CONCEPT THAT WILL BE CONSTRUCTED IN THE NEAR FUTURE. IF THE PROPOSED
BUILDING IS NOT APPROVED THEN THE PROPOSAL MAY BE AMENDED AND RESUBMITTED, OR IT MAY BE
DEFERRED OR CANCELLED.

DESIGN - THE SPECIFICATION OF WHAT IS TO BE BUILT IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL TO BE USED AS THE BASIS AS A
CONTRACT BETWEEN THE OWNER AND A CONTRACTOR.
 PROCUREMENT - THE SELECTION OF THE CONTRACTOR OR CONTRACTORS TO CARRY OUT THE CONSTRUCTION.
THIS MAY BE BY COMPETITIVE TENDERING.

DIVERSIONS - BEFORE CONSTRUCTION CAN START ANY SERVICES ON THE SITE WHICH MUST BE KEPT
OPERATIONAL TO SERVE OTHER ADJACENT SITES MUST BE DIVERTED SO THEY RUN OUTSIDE THE FOOTPRINT OF
THE NEW BUILDING. THIS CAN INCLUDE DRAINAGE, WATER AND GAS PIPED SERVICES AND POWER AND
COMMUNICATION CABLES.

UNDER-CONSTRUCTION - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING CURRENTLY BEING BUILT

GROUND WORKS - CONSTRUCTION WORK BELOW GROUND LEVEL INCLUDING THE CONSTRUCTION OF BASEMENTS
AND FOUNDATIONS

TOPPED-OUT - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING WHERE CONSTRUCTION HAS REACHED THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE
BUILDING

FITTING OUT- INSTALLATION OF THE DECORATIVE, NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ONCE THE BUILDING MAIN
STRUCTURE IS COMPLETE. THIS INCLUDES PAINTING, CEILINGS, LIGHT FITTINGS ETC.

`
 COMMISSIONINGOR SETTING TO WORK - ONCE THE BUILDINGMECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING,
COMMUNICATIONS, AND BUILDING CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE INSTALLED THEY THEN NEED TO BE TESTED
AND ADJUSTED SO THEY DELIVER THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE. IN MODERN BUILDINGS THIS CAN TAKE
SOME TIME DURING WHICH LITTLE SEEMS TO BE GOING ON BUT IF THIS IS NOT DONE PROPERLY THEN
THESE SYSTEMS WILL NOT DELIVER THEIR DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEADING TO HOT AND COLD SPOTS,
SPURIOUS ALARMS, HIGHER ENERGY BILLS, AND SYSTEMS FAILING DURING EMERGENCIES

SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION / BENEFICIAL OCCUPANCY - A POINT WHEN THE WORK IS SUFFICIENTLY

COMPLETE SO THAT THE OWNER CAN OCCUPY (ITEMS NOTED DURING INSPECTION 'PUNCH LIST' OR
'SNAG LIST' MAY STILL BE CORRECTED)

COMPLETE/BUILT - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING THAT HAS BEEN FULLY BUILT, EXCLUDING FUTURE
EXPANSIONS (PUNCH LIST ITEMS ALL COMPLETED)
 BUILDING OPERATION - ALL THOSE DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES NEED TO ENSURE THE BUILDING CAN BE USED. IN
SIMPLE BUILDINGS THIS MEANS LITTLE MORE THAN CLEANING BUT IN MORE COMPLICATED BUILDINGS THIS IS
A LARGE SCALE OPERATION EMPLOYING A LARGE TEAM OF STAFF. IF THEY DO THEIR JOB RIGHT THEN YOU
HARDLY NOTICE THEM.

MAINTENANCE - WORKS TO ENSURE THE BUILDING CONTINUES TO OPERATE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS
DESIGN, INCLUDING REPLACING ELEMENTS WHICH ARE APPROACHING THE END OF THEIR USEFUL LIFE

REPAIR - REPLACING BUILDING ELEMENTS WHICH HAVE BEEN DAMAGED OR WHICH HAVE FAILED TO RESTORE
THE BUILDING TO ITS AS-BUILT STATE

RENOVATION - MODIFICATION TO THE BUILDING. THIS CAN BE MINOR MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE CARRIED OUT
WHILE THE BUILDING IS OCCUPIED OR MAJOR WORKS WHERE ONLY THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ARE KEPT
AND THE BUILDING IS OUT OF USE FOR YEARS

DEMOLITION - DESTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING WHICH MAY INCLUDE THE SALVAGE OF SOME ELEMENTS FOR
REUSE ELSEWHERE.
MO D E R N M E T H O D S O F
CONST R U C T I O N
(MMC)
MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION (MMC)

THE CONCRETE INDUSTRY EMBRACES INNOVATION AND MODERN METHODS OF

CONSTRUCTION (MMC) BY OFFERING CONCRETE SOLUTIONS WHICH CAN BE
USED TO REDUCE CONSTRUCTION TIME AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS OFFERING COST SAVINGS.
 PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
FLOOR AND WALL UNITS ARE PRODUCED OFF-SITE IN A FACTORY AND ERECTED ON-SITE TO
FORM ROBUST STRUCTURES, IDEAL FOR ALL REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROJECTS. PANELS
CAN INCLUDE SERVICES, WINDOWS, DOORS AND FINISHES. BUILDING ENVELOPE PANELS
WITH FACTORY FITTED INSULATION AND DECORATIVE CLADDING CAN ALSO BE USED AS
LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS. THIS OFFERS FACTORY QUALITY AND ACCURACY, TOGETHER
WITH SPEED OF ERECTION ON-SITE.
PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION (ALSO KNOWN AS MODULAR CONSTRUCTION) INVOLVES THE PRODUCTION
OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL UNITS IN CONTROLLED FACTORY CONDITIONS PRIOR TO TRANSPORTATION TO SITE.
MODULES CAN BE BROUGHT TO SITE IN A VARIETY OF FORMS, RANGING FROM A BASIC STRUCTURE TO ONE
WITH ALL INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FINISHES AND SERVICES INSTALLED, ALL READY FOR ASSEMBLY. THE
CASTING OF MODULES USES THE BENEFITS OF FACTORY CONDITIONS TO CREATE SERVICE-INTENSIVE UNITS
WHERE A HIGH DEGREE OF REPETITION AND A NEED FOR RAPID ASSEMBLY ON-SITE MAKE ITS USE HIGHLY
DESIRABLE.
THIS MODERN METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OFFERS THE INHERENT BENEFITS OF CONCRETE, SUCH ASTHERMAL
MASS,SOUNDANDFIRE RESISTANCE, AS WELL AS OFFERING FACTORY QUALITY AND ACCURACY, TOGETHER
WITH SPEED OF ERECTION ON-SITE.
3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
 TUNNEL FORM
TUNNEL FORMIS A FORMWORK SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS THE CONTRACTOR TO BUILD MONOLITHIC WALLS
AND SLABS IN ONE OPERATION ON A DAILY CYCLE. IT COMBINES THE SPEED, QUALITY AND ACCURACY OF
FACTORY/OFFSITE PRODUCED READY-MIX CONCRETE AND FORMWORK WITH THE FLEXIBILITY AND
ECONOMY OF CAST IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION.
THIS FAST-TRACK METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION IS SUITABLE FOR REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROJECTS, SUCH
AS HOTELS, APARTMENT BLOCKS AND STUDENT ACCOMMODATION. IT OFFERS ECONOMY, SPEED, QUALITY
AND ACCURACY, AS WELL AS UTILISING THE INHERENT BENEFITS OF CONCRETE, SUCH AS FIRE AND
SOUND RESISTANCE.
TUNNEL FORM
 HYBRID CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (HCC)COMBINES ALL THE BENEFITS OF PRECASTING WITH THE
ADVANTAGES OF CAST IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION. COMBINING THE TWO, AS A HYBRID FRAME, RESULTS IN
EVEN GREATER CONSTRUCTION SPEED, QUALITY AND OVERALL ECONOMY. HCC CAN ANSWER CLIENT
DEMANDS FOR LOWER COSTS AND HIGHER QUALITY BY PROVIDING SIMPLE, BUILDABLE AND
COMPETITIVE STRUCTURES THAT OFFER CONSISTENT PERFORMANCE AND QUALITY.
HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
 THIN JOINT MASONRY

THIN JOINT MASONRYALLOWS THE DEPTH OF THE MORTAR TO BE REDUCED FROM 10MM TO JUST 3MM
OR LESS, RESULTING IN FASTER LAYING AND IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY, PARTICULARLY ON LONG RUNS OF
WALLING. CONSTRUCTION SPEED CAN BE FURTHER INCREASED BY SOME 13.5 PER CENT USING LARGE-
FORMAT CONCRETE BLOCKS, WHICH HAVE A FACE SIZE EQUIVALENT TO TWO TRADITIONAL CONCRETE
BLOCKS. THE MORTAR CURES RAPIDLY, ACHIEVING FULL BOND STRENGTH WITHIN ONE TO TWO HOURS,
ELIMINATING THE PROBLEM OF 'FLOATING' THEREFORE ENABLING MORE COURSES TO BE LAID PER DAY.
THIN JOINT MASONRY
 INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK

INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK (ICF)SYSTEMS CONSIST OF TWIN-WALLED, EXPANDED

POLYSTYRENE PANELS OR BLOCKS THAT ARE QUICKLY BUILT UP TO CREATE FORMWORK FOR THE WALLS
OF A BUILDING. THIS FORMWORK IS THEN FILLED WITH FACTORY PRODUCED, QUALITY ASSURED, READY-
MIXED CONCRETE TO CREATE A ROBUST STRUCTURE. THE EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BLOCKS REMAIN TO
PROVIDE HIGH LEVELS OF THERMAL INSULATION AND THE CONCRETE CORE PROVIDES ROBUSTNESS AND
GOOD LEVELS OF SOUND INSULATION.
INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
 PRECAST FOUNDATIONS
PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS CAN BE USED TO RAPIDLY CONSTRUCT FOUNDATIONS. THE ELEMENTS ARE
USUALLY TO A BESPOKE DESIGN AND CAST IN A FACTORY ENVIRONMENT, GIVING ASSURED QUALITY FOR
THE FINISHED PRODUCT. THE FOUNDATIONS ARE OFTEN SUPPORTED BY CONCRETE PILES AND
CONNECTED TOGETHER.
THESESYSTEMS IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS, AND
REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF EXCAVATION REQUIRED - PARTICULARLY ADVANTAGEOUS WHEN DEALING
WITH CONTAMINATED GROUND.
PRECAST FOUNDATIONS
CONST R U C T IO N
OP E R AT I O N S
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
CURRENTLY 3D-MODELLING IS THE TREND IN THE SIMULATION AREA. HOWEVER, DEVELOPING 3D MODELS OF
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS IS VERY COMPLEX AND TIME CONSUMING. IN GENERAL, THE STUDY OF
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS REQUIRES A TOOL THAT PROVIDES SOLUTIONS WITHOUT REQUIRING THE
INPUT OF COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF DATA. IN ORDER FOR A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY TO USE A SIMULATION
TOOL, THE METHODOLOGY HAS TO BE PRESENTED IN A VERY SIMPLE AND GRAPHICAL CONTEXT. PICTORIAL
AND SCHEMATIC TOOLS ARE EASILY ACCEPTED.
PROSIDYC
PROSIDYC IS A SYSTEM FOR SIMULATING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS JOINTLY DEVELOPED BY THE
PLANNING AND METHODS UNIT OF DRAGADOS Y CONSTRUCTION, MADRID, SPAIN AND THE DIVISION OF
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY. IT IS A COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEM
ANALYZING CONSTRUCTION JOB SITE PRODUCTION PROCESSES. IT IS USED TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY IN
THE FIELD BY STUDYING RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND CYCLE TIMES IDENTIFYING OPPURTUNITIES FOR
PRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT.
PROSIDYC
ORGANIZATIONAL

PROJECT

ACTIVITY

OPERATION

PROCESS

WORK TASK

HIERARCHICAL LEVELS IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ORGANIZATIONAL- COMPANY STRUCTURE AND BUSINESS FOCUS, HEAD OFFICE AND FIELD FUNCTIONS,
PORTFOLIO OF PROJECTS, GROSS PROJECT ATTRIBUTES.
PROJECT- PROJECT DEFINITION, CONTRACT, DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, COST, TIME, BREAKDOWN INTO
PROJECT ACTIVITIES.
ACTIVITY- ATTAINMENT OF PHYSICAL SEGMENT OF PROJECT EQUATED TO TIME AND COST CONTROL.
OPERATION- CONSTRUCTION METHOD FOCUS. MEANS OF ACHIEVING CONSTRUCTION COMPLETE.
PROCESS- BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL SEQUENCE FOCUS, LOGICAL COLLECTION OF WORK TASKS AND
RECOGNIZABLE POTION OF CONSTRUCTION OPERATION.
WORK TASK- FUNDAMENTAL FIELD ACTION AND WORK UNIT FOCUS, SKILL AT CREW MEMBER LEVEL AND
BASIS OF WORK ASSIGNMENT TO LABOR.
BUILDING PROCESS MODELS

THE RELATIVE SEQUENCE AND LOGIC OF THE WORK TASKS AND PROCESSES THAT MAKE UP
CONSTRUCTION OPERATION CONSTITUTE THE TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE OPERATION. THE
MODELING ELEMENTS CAN BE USED IN A VARIETY OF PATTERNS TO MODEL CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS.
AS AN EXAMPLE, CONSIDER THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR AN EARTH-MODELING OPERATION THAT
INVOLVES THE LOADING OF TRUCKS WITH EARTH TRANSPORT TO A DUMP AREA.
IN ORDER TO DEVELOP THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EARTH-MOVING OPERATION, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY
THE MAJOR RESOURCES INVOLVED (TRUCKS, FRONT-END LOADER AND SOIL) AND ESTABLISH THE VARIOUS
STATES THAT THE RESOURCES ARE TRAVERSE IN THEIR WORK ASSIGNMENT PATH CYCLES. FINALLY, THE
INTEGRATION OF THE RESOURCE PATHS AND CYCLES ESTABLISHES THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE
OPERATIONS.